de Sousa Thais Kato, Silva Adriane Toledo da, Soares Filippe Elias de Freitas
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil.
Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil.
Pathogens. 2025 May 9;14(5):463. doi: 10.3390/pathogens14050463.
Entomopathogenic fungus-based biopesticides are an excellent alternative to synthetic pesticides and are widely used in insect pest control. With the transformations of the agri-food system, it is important to consider the One Health approach, which recognizes that health threats are shared at the interface between people, animals, plants, and the environment. The safety and environmental impact of fungi-based insecticides should be assessed comprehensively, taking into account not only their effects on non-target organisms and human health but also their environmental fate. This includes how these substances degrade, persist, or dissipate in soil, water, and air and their potential to bioaccumulate or leach into groundwater. Such assessments are essential to ensure that their long-term use does not pose unintended risks to ecosystems or public health. This systematic review aims to identify and analyze available studies on the potential One Health hazards associated with fungal biopesticides. A total of 134 articles were selected: 84 bioassay articles (63%), 36 case reports (27%), 10 field studies (7%), and 4 other types of studies (3%). Of these articles, 59 were studies on vertebrate animals and 65 studies on invertebrate animals, 6 studies on diverse organisms, 2 studies focused specifically on risk assessment for non-target organisms in the environment, while 2 other studies looked at the toxicological hazards associated with human exposure to the metabolites of the fungus present in air. The United States had the highest number of publications (33). and followed by the fungi () and were the most prevalent fungal species in the studies. This review highlights that case reports of infections in humans and other vertebrates by fungi are not related to the use of fungal biopesticides. A predominance of studies with bees was identified due to the importance of these insects as pollinators. The findings indicate that fungal biopesticides pose minimal risks when used appropriately. Nevertheless, the necessity for standardized safety assessments is emphasized. In order to ensure greater effectiveness, it is essential to develop unified protocols and bioassays with specific risk indicators aligned with the One Health approach. This includes evaluating potential effects on pollinators, vertebrate toxicity, and the environmental persistence of metabolites. In future research, the development of integrated guidelines that simultaneously consider human, animal, and environmental health is recommended.
基于昆虫病原真菌的生物农药是合成农药的一种极佳替代品，被广泛用于害虫防治。随着农业食品系统的变革，考虑“同一健康”方法很重要，该方法认识到健康威胁在人类、动物、植物和环境的界面上是共享的。应全面评估基于真菌的杀虫剂的安全性和环境影响，不仅要考虑它们对非靶标生物和人类健康的影响，还要考虑它们在环境中的归宿。这包括这些物质如何在土壤、水和空气中降解、残留或消散，以及它们生物累积或渗入地下水的可能性。此类评估对于确保其长期使用不会对生态系统或公众健康造成意外风险至关重要。本系统综述旨在识别和分析关于与真菌生物农药相关的潜在“同一健康”危害的现有研究。共筛选出134篇文章：84篇生物测定文章（63%）、36篇病例报告（27%）、10篇田间研究（7%）和4篇其他类型的研究（3%）。在这些文章中，59篇是关于脊椎动物的研究，65篇是关于无脊椎动物的研究，6篇是关于多种生物的研究，2篇专门关注环境中非靶标生物的风险评估，而另外2篇研究着眼于与人类接触空气中存在的真菌代谢物相关的毒理学危害。美国的出版物数量最多（33篇），其次是真菌（），是研究中最普遍的真菌物种。本综述强调，人类和其他脊椎动物感染真菌的病例报告与真菌生物农药的使用无关。由于蜜蜂作为传粉者的重要性，确定了以蜜蜂为研究对象的研究占主导地位。研究结果表明，真菌生物农药在适当使用时风险极小。然而，强调了进行标准化安全评估的必要性。为了确保更高的有效性，制定统一的方案和具有与“同一健康”方法相一致的特定风险指标的生物测定至关重要。这包括评估对传粉者的潜在影响、脊椎动物毒性以及代谢物的环境持久性。在未来的研究中，建议制定同时考虑人类、动物和环境健康的综合指南。
