Whittingham T A
Regional Medical Physics Department, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2007 Jan-Apr;93(1-3):84-110. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.004. Epub 2006 Aug 10.
The ways in which ultrasound is used in medical diagnosis are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the ultrasound source (probe) and implications for acoustic exposure. A brief discussion of the choice of optimum frequency for various target depths is followed by a description of the general features of diagnostic ultrasound probes, including endo-probes. The different modes of diagnostic scanning are then discussed in turn: A-mode, M-mode, B-mode, three-dimensional (3D) and 4D scanning, continuous wave (CW) Doppler, pulse-wave spectral Doppler and Doppler imaging. Under the general heading of B-mode imaging, there are individual descriptions of the principles of chirps and binary codes, B-flow, tissue harmonic imaging and ultrasound contrast agent-specific techniques. Techniques for improving image quality within the constraints of real-time operation are discussed, including write zoom, parallel beam forming, spatial compounding and multiple zone transmission focusing, along with methods for reducing slice thickness. At the end of each section there is a summarising comment on the basic features of the acoustic output and its consequences for patient safety.
本文回顾了超声在医学诊断中的应用方式，特别强调了超声源（探头）及其对声暴露的影响。在简要讨论针对不同目标深度的最佳频率选择之后，描述了诊断超声探头的一般特征，包括腔内探头。接着依次讨论了不同的诊断扫描模式：A 型、M 型、B 型、三维（3D）和四维（4D）扫描、连续波（CW）多普勒、脉冲波频谱多普勒和多普勒成像。在 B 型成像的总体标题下，分别描述了线性调频脉冲和二进制编码的原理、B 流、组织谐波成像以及超声造影剂特异性技术。讨论了在实时操作限制内提高图像质量的技术，包括写入放大、平行波束形成、空间复合和多区透射聚焦，以及减小切片厚度的方法。在每个章节末尾，都对声输出的基本特征及其对患者安全的影响进行了总结性评论。
