Williams Kipling D
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:425-52. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641.
In this review, I examine the social psychological research on ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection. Being ignored, excluded, and/or rejected signals a threat for which reflexive detection in the form of pain and distress is adaptive for survival. Brief ostracism episodes result in sadness and anger and threaten fundamental needs. Individuals then act to fortify or replenish their thwarted need or needs. Behavioral consequences appear to be split into two general categories: attempts to fortify relational needs (belonging, self-esteem, shared understanding, and trust), which lead generally to prosocial thoughts and behaviors, or attempts to fortify efficacy/existence needs of control and recognition that may be dealt with most efficiently through antisocial thoughts and behaviors. Available research on chronic exposure to ostracism appears to deplete coping resources, resulting in depression and helplessness.
在这篇综述中，我审视了关于排斥、社会孤立和拒绝的社会心理学研究。被忽视、被排斥和/或被拒绝预示着一种威胁，以痛苦和苦恼形式的自动察觉对此威胁的适应有助于生存。短暂的排斥事件会导致悲伤和愤怒，并威胁到基本需求。个体随后会采取行动来强化或补充其受挫的一种或多种需求。行为后果似乎分为两大类：强化关系需求（归属感、自尊、共同理解和信任）的尝试，这通常会导致亲社会的思想和行为；或者强化控制和认可的效能/生存需求的尝试，这可能通过反社会的思想和行为得到最有效的应对。关于长期遭受排斥的现有研究似乎会耗尽应对资源，导致抑郁和无助。
