Ursenbacher S, Carlsson M, Helfer V, Tegelström H, Fumagalli L
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation, Département d'Ecologie et Evolution, Biophore, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Mol Ecol. 2006 Oct;15(11):3425-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03031.x.
In order to contribute to the debate about southern glacial refugia used by temperate species and more northern refugia used by boreal or cold-temperate species, we examined the phylogeography of a widespread snake species (Vipera berus) inhabiting Europe up to the Arctic Circle. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in 1043 bp of the cytochrome b gene and in 918 bp of the noncoding control region was performed with phylogenetic approaches. Our results suggest that both the duplicated control region and cytochrome b evolve at a similar rate in this species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that V. berus is divided into three major mitochondrial lineages, probably resulting from an Italian, a Balkan and a Northern (from France to Russia) refugial area in Eastern Europe, near the Carpathian Mountains. In addition, the Northern clade presents an important substructure, suggesting two sequential colonization events in Europe. First, the continent was colonized from the three main refugial areas mentioned above during the Lower-Mid Pleistocene. Second, recolonization of most of Europe most likely originated from several refugia located outside of the Mediterranean peninsulas (Carpathian region, east of the Carpathians, France and possibly Hungary) during the Mid-Late Pleistocene, while populations within the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas fluctuated only slightly in distribution range, with larger lowland populations during glacial times and with refugial mountain populations during interglacials, as in the present time. The phylogeographical structure revealed in our study suggests complex recolonization dynamics of the European continent by V. berus, characterized by latitudinal as well as altitudinal range shifts, driven by both climatic changes and competition with related species.
为了推动关于温带物种所使用的南方冰川避难所和北方或寒温带物种所使用的更靠北的避难所的讨论，我们研究了一种广泛分布于欧洲直至北极圈的蛇类物种（极北蝰）的系统地理学。采用系统发育方法对细胞色素b基因1043 bp和非编码控制区918 bp的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）序列变异进行了分析。我们的结果表明，在该物种中，重复的控制区和细胞色素b以相似的速率进化。系统发育分析表明，极北蝰分为三个主要的线粒体谱系，可能源于东欧靠近喀尔巴阡山脉的一个意大利避难区、一个巴尔干避难区和一个北方避难区（从法国到俄罗斯）。此外，北方分支呈现出重要的亚结构，表明在欧洲有两次连续的定殖事件。首先，在更新世中晚期，该大陆从上述三个主要避难区开始定殖。其次，欧洲大部分地区的重新定殖很可能起源于更新世中晚期位于地中海半岛以外的几个避难所（喀尔巴阡地区、喀尔巴阡山脉以东、法国以及可能还有匈牙利），而意大利半岛和巴尔干半岛内的种群分布范围仅略有波动，在冰川时期低地种群较大，在间冰期则如现在一样有山地避难所种群。我们研究中揭示的系统地理结构表明，极北蝰对欧洲大陆的重新定殖动态复杂，其特征是受气候变化和与相关物种竞争驱动的纬度以及海拔范围的变化。
