Rutter D R, Steadman Liz, Quine Lyn
Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
Ann Behav Med. 2006 Oct;32(2):127-34. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3202_10.
This study tested an implementation intentions intervention to increase uptake in the United Kingdom's National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. The intervention asked women to plan how they would overcome up to 3 previously identified barriers to attending.
In a randomized controlled trial, 2,082 participants were allocated to an intervention condition, an assessment-only condition, or a nonassessment control condition. The intervention condition was designed to help women plan how to change their appointment, how to arrange transport, and how to negotiate time off work. The assessment-only condition controlled for the possibility that completing a questionnaire about mammography might in itself influence attendance, and the nonassessment condition was a control against any effect on attendance that mere contact with the research team might have.
Mean age of respondents was 56.1 years, and 99.4% were White British. In the full intention-to-treat analysis, which included all participants, attendance was found to be almost identical across the 3 conditions, around 80%. Some of the women in the intervention condition, however, failed to write their plans on the questionnaire (10.6% for changing the appointment, 2.1% for travel arrangements, and 21.1% for taking time off work) or said that planning was irrelevant to them (2.4% for changing the appointment, 1.7% for travel arrangements, and 32.4% for taking time off work). A second analysis, of planning time off work, therefore, examined the 620 respondents in the intervention condition more closely and found that those who planned were significantly more likely to attend than those who did not. A 3rd analysis, excluding the 209 respondents for whom planning time off work was irrelevant, revealed that the most likely to plan were those whose initial intentions to attend were strong but whose perceptions of control over making the necessary arrangements to attend were weak.
Two main implications of the findings are discussed: the importance of planning in implementation intentions interventions and the validity of the theoretical distinction between motivation and volition.
本研究测试了一种执行意图干预措施，以提高英国国家医疗服务体系乳腺癌筛查项目的参与率。该干预措施要求女性规划如何克服多达3个之前确定的阻碍参与筛查的障碍。
在一项随机对照试验中，2082名参与者被分配到干预组、仅评估组或非评估对照组。干预组旨在帮助女性规划如何更改预约、如何安排交通以及如何协商请假事宜。仅评估组控制了填写关于乳房X光检查问卷本身可能影响参与率的可能性，而非评估组则作为仅与研究团队接触可能对参与率产生的任何影响的对照。
受访者的平均年龄为56.1岁，99.4%为英国白人。在包括所有参与者的全意向性分析中，发现3组的参与率几乎相同，约为80%。然而，干预组中的一些女性未能在问卷上写下她们的计划（更改预约的为10.6%，交通安排的为2.1%，请假的为21.1%），或者表示规划对她们无关紧要（更改预约的为2.4%，交通安排的为1.7%，请假的为32.4%）。因此，对请假规划的第二项分析更仔细地研究了干预组中的620名受访者，发现规划者比未规划者参与筛查的可能性显著更高。第三项分析排除了认为请假规划无关紧要的209名受访者，结果显示最有可能规划的是那些最初参与意愿强烈但对做出必要安排以参与筛查的控制感较弱的人。
讨论了研究结果的两个主要影响：规划在执行意图干预中的重要性以及动机与意志理论区分的有效性。
