Lieving Gregory A, Reilly Mark P, Lattal Kennon A
West Virginia University, USA.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2006 Sep;86(2):197-209. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2006.12-05.
An observing procedure was used to investigate the effects of alterations in response-conditioned-reinforcer relations on observing. Pigeons responded to produce schedule-correlated stimuli paired with the availability of food or extinction. The contingency between observing responses and conditioned reinforcement was altered in three experiments. In Experiment 1, after a contingency was established in baseline between the observing response and conditioned reinforcement, it was removed and the schedule-correlated stimuli were presented independently of responding according to a variable-time schedule. The variable-time schedule was constructed such that the rate of stimulus presentations was yoked from baseline. The removal of the observing contingency reliably reduced rates of observing. In Experiment 2, resetting delays to conditioned reinforcement were imposed between observing responses and the schedule-correlated stimuli they produced. Delay values of 0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 s were examined. Rates of observing varied inversely as a function of delay value. In Experiment 3, signaled and unsignaled resetting delays between observing responses and schedule-correlated stimuli were compared. Baseline rates of observing were decreased less by signaled delays than by unsignaled delays. Disruptions in response-conditioned-reinforcer relations produce similar behavioral effects to those found with primary reinforcement.
采用一种观察程序来研究反应条件强化物关系的改变对观察的影响。鸽子做出反应以产生与食物可得性或消退相关的定时刺激。在三个实验中改变了观察反应与条件强化之间的 contingency。在实验1中，在基线阶段建立了观察反应与条件强化之间的 contingency 后，将其去除，并且根据可变时间程序独立于反应呈现定时刺激。可变时间程序的构建使得刺激呈现速率与基线阶段挂钩。观察 contingency 的去除可靠地降低了观察速率。在实验2中，在观察反应与其产生的定时刺激之间施加了到条件强化的重置延迟。研究了0、0.5、1、5和10秒的延迟值。观察速率随延迟值呈反比变化。在实验3中，比较了观察反应与定时刺激之间有信号和无信号的重置延迟。有信号延迟对基线观察速率的降低幅度小于无信号延迟。反应条件强化物关系的破坏产生的行为效应与初级强化所发现的效应相似
