Einhorn I N
Environ Health Perspect. 1975 Jun;11:163-89. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7511163.
Normally one expects that flame contact is the major cause of injury and death during fires. Analysis of the factors involved in numerous fires has revealed that most deaths were not due to flame contact, but were a consequence of the production of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other combustion products, such as aldehydes, low molecular weight alcohols, hydrogen cyanide, and other noxious species. The major emphasis within the scope of this paper relates to the physiological and toxicological aspects of smoke produced during the combustion of materials. Special emphasis is directed toward laboratory procedures which have been developed to determine the qualitative and quantitative analysis of smoke, factors pertaining to smoke development, and to measure the response of laboratory animals exposed to smoke. The effects that fire retardants, incorporated into polymeric materials as a means of improving flammability characteristics, may have on smoke development, the mechanism of polymer degradation, and on the survival response of laboratory animals are also considered.
通常人们认为，在火灾中火焰接触是造成伤亡的主要原因。对大量火灾所涉及因素的分析表明，大多数死亡并非由火焰接触所致，而是一氧化碳、氮氧化物以及其他燃烧产物，如醛类、低分子量醇类、氰化氢和其他有害物质产生的结果。本文范围内的主要重点涉及材料燃烧过程中产生的烟雾的生理和毒理学方面。特别强调的是已开发出的用于确定烟雾定性和定量分析、与烟雾生成相关的因素以及测量暴露于烟雾中的实验动物反应的实验室程序。还考虑了作为改善可燃性特性手段而添加到聚合物材料中的阻燃剂可能对烟雾生成、聚合物降解机制以及实验动物存活反应产生的影响。
