Balcetis Emily, Dunning David
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006 Oct;91(4):612-25. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.612.
People's motivational states--their wishes and preferences--influence their processing of visual stimuli. In 5 studies, participants shown an ambiguous figure (e.g., one that could be seen either as the letter B or the number 13) tended to report seeing the interpretation that assigned them to outcomes they favored. This finding was affirmed by unobtrusive and implicit measures of perception (e.g., eye tracking, lexical decision tasks) and by experimental procedures demonstrating that participants were aware only of the single (usually favored) interpretation they saw at the time they viewed the stimulus. These studies suggest that the impact of motivation on information processing extends down into preconscious processing of stimuli in the visual environment and thus guides what the visual system presents to conscious awareness.
人们的动机状态——他们的愿望和偏好——会影响他们对视觉刺激的处理。在5项研究中，向参与者展示一个模棱两可的图形（例如，一个既可以看作字母B也可以看作数字13的图形）时，他们往往倾向于报告看到的是将其与他们喜欢的结果联系起来的解释。这一发现得到了感知的非侵入性和隐性测量（如眼动追踪、词汇判定任务）以及实验程序的证实，这些实验程序表明，参与者当时只意识到他们看到的单一（通常是喜欢的）解释。这些研究表明，动机对信息处理的影响延伸到视觉环境中刺激的前意识处理，并因此引导视觉系统呈现给意识的内容。
