Ybarra Michele L, Mitchell Kimberly J, Wolak Janis, Finkelhor David
Internet Solutions for Kids, Inc, 74 Ashford, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):e1169-77. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0815.
We sought to identify the characteristics of youth who are targets of Internet harassment and characteristics related to reporting distress as a result of the incident.
The Second Youth Internet Safety Survey is a national telephone survey of a random sample of 1500 Internet users between the ages of 10 and 17 years conducted between March and June 2005. Participants had used the Internet at least once a month for the previous 6 months.
Nine percent of the youth who used the Internet were targets of online harassment in the previous year. Thirty-two percent of the targets reported chronic harassment (ie, harassment > or = 3 times in the previous year). In specific incidents, almost half (45%) knew the harasser in person before the incident. Half of the harassers (50%) were reportedly male, and half (51%) were adolescents. One in 4 targets reported an aggressive offline contact (eg, the harasser telephoned, came to the youth's home, or sent gifts); 2 in 3 disclosed the incident to another person. Among otherwise similar youth, the odds of being a target of Internet harassment were higher for those youth who harassed others online, reported borderline/clinically significant social problems, and were victimized in other contexts. Likewise, using the Internet for instant messaging, blogging, and chat room use each elevated the odds of being a target of Internet harassment versus those who did not engage in these online activities. All other demographic, Internet-use, and psychosocial characteristics were not related to reports of online harassment. Thirty-eight percent of the harassed youth reported distress as a result of the incident. Those who were targeted by adults, asked to send a picture of themselves, received an aggressive offline contact (eg, the harasser telephoned or came to the youth's home), and were preadolescents were each significantly more likely to report distress because of the experience. Conversely, the youth who visited chat rooms were significantly less likely to be distressed by the harassment.
Internet harassment can be a serious event for some youth. Because there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of Internet harassment from 2000 to 2005, adolescent health professionals should continue to be vigilant about such experiences in the lives of young people with whom they interact. Social problems and online aggressive behavior are each associated with elevated odds of being the target of harassment. Thus, prevention efforts may be best aimed at improving the interpersonal skills of young people who choose to communicate with others using these online tools. Adolescent health professionals should be especially aware of events that include aggressive offline contacts by adult harassers or asking the child or adolescent to send a picture of themselves, because each of these scenarios increase the odds of reporting distress by more than threefold. Findings further support the call for the inclusion of Internet-harassment prevention in conventional antibullying programs empowering schools to address Internet bullying situations that occur between students. This will not solve all situations, however. We also must encourage Internet service providers to partner with consumers to be proactive in serious harassment episodes that violate criminal laws and service-provider codes of conduct.
我们试图确定成为网络骚扰目标的青少年的特征，以及与因该事件报告痛苦相关的特征。
第二次青少年网络安全调查是一项全国性电话调查，于2005年3月至6月对1500名年龄在10至17岁之间的互联网用户进行随机抽样。参与者在过去6个月中每月至少使用一次互联网。
在过去一年中，9%的互联网使用青少年成为网络骚扰的目标。32%的目标报告遭受长期骚扰（即过去一年中骚扰≥3次）。在特定事件中，几乎一半（45%）的受害者在事件发生前认识骚扰者本人。据报道，一半的骚扰者（50%）为男性，一半（51%）为青少年。四分之一的目标报告有攻击性的线下接触（例如，骚扰者打电话、到青少年家中或送礼物）；三分之二的人向他人披露了该事件。在其他方面相似的青少年中，那些在网上骚扰他人、报告有边缘性/临床上显著的社会问题以及在其他情况下成为受害者的青少年，成为网络骚扰目标的几率更高。同样，与不进行这些在线活动的人相比，使用互联网进行即时通讯、写博客和使用聊天室都会增加成为网络骚扰目标的几率。所有其他人口统计学、互联网使用和心理社会特征与网络骚扰报告无关。38%的受骚扰青少年因该事件报告痛苦。那些被成年人针对、被要求发送自己照片、收到攻击性线下接触（例如，骚扰者打电话或到青少年家中）以及处于青春期前的青少年，因该经历而报告痛苦的可能性显著更高。相反，访问聊天室的青少年因骚扰而感到痛苦的可能性显著更低。
网络骚扰对一些青少年来说可能是一件严重的事情。由于2000年至2005年网络骚扰的发生率显著增加，青少年健康专业人员应继续对他们所接触的年轻人生活中的此类经历保持警惕。社会问题和在线攻击行为都与成为骚扰目标的几率增加有关。因此，预防工作可能最好针对提高那些选择使用这些在线工具与他人交流的年轻人的人际交往能力。青少年健康专业人员应特别注意包括成年骚扰者的攻击性线下接触或要求儿童或青少年发送自己照片的事件，因为这些情况中的每一种都会使报告痛苦的几率增加三倍以上。研究结果进一步支持在传统的反欺凌项目中纳入网络骚扰预防，使学校有能力处理学生之间发生的网络欺凌情况。然而，这并不能解决所有情况。我们还必须鼓励互联网服务提供商与消费者合作，积极应对违反刑法和服务提供商行为准则的严重骚扰事件。
