Kim Seong-Ho, Elango Navin, Warden Charles, Vigoda Eric, Yi Soojin V
School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6;2(10):e163. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020163. Epub 2006 Aug 11.
Using data from primates, we show that molecular clocks in sites that have been part of a CpG dinucleotide in recent past (CpG sites) and non-CpG sites are of markedly different nature, reflecting differences in their molecular origins. Notably, single nucleotide substitutions at non-CpG sites show clear generation-time dependency, indicating that most of these substitutions occur by errors during DNA replication. On the other hand, substitutions at CpG sites occur relatively constantly over time, as expected from their primary origin due to methylation. Therefore, molecular clocks are heterogeneous even within a genome. Furthermore, we propose that varying frequencies of CpG dinucleotides in different genomic regions may have contributed significantly to conflicting earlier results on rate constancy of mammalian molecular clock. Our conclusion that different regions of genomes follow different molecular clocks should be considered when inferring divergence times using molecular data and in phylogenetic analysis.
利用灵长类动物的数据,我们发现,近期曾是CpG二核苷酸一部分的位点(CpG位点)和非CpG位点的分子钟性质明显不同,这反映了它们分子起源的差异。值得注意的是,非CpG位点的单核苷酸替换表现出明显的世代时间依赖性,这表明这些替换大多发生在DNA复制过程中的错误。另一方面,CpG位点的替换随时间相对稳定地发生,正如其因甲基化产生的主要起源所预期的那样。因此,即使在一个基因组内,分子钟也是异质的。此外,我们提出,不同基因组区域中CpG二核苷酸频率的变化可能极大地导致了早期关于哺乳动物分子钟速率恒定性的结果相互矛盾。在使用分子数据推断分歧时间和进行系统发育分析时,应考虑我们的结论,即基因组的不同区域遵循不同的分子钟。