Maher Pamela
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Nov-Dec;8(11-12):1941-70. doi: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1941.
The redox environment within neural cells is dependent on a series of redox couples. The glutathione disulfide/ glutathione (GSSG/GSH) redox pair forms the major redox couple in cells and as such plays a critical role in regulating redox-dependent cellular functions. Not only does GSH act as an antioxidant but it also can modulate the activity of a variety of different proteins via S-glutathionylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups. The thioredoxin system also makes a significant contribution to the redox environment by reducing inter- and intrachain protein disulfide bonds as well as maintaining the activity of important antioxidant enzymes such as peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases. The redox environment affects the activity and function of a number of different protein phosphatases, protein kinases, and transcription factors. The sum of these effects will determine how changes in the redox environment alter overall cellular function, thereby playing a fundamental role in regulating neural cell fate and physiology.
神经细胞内的氧化还原环境取决于一系列氧化还原对。谷胱甘肽二硫化物/谷胱甘肽（GSSG/GSH）氧化还原对构成细胞中的主要氧化还原对，因此在调节依赖氧化还原的细胞功能中起关键作用。GSH不仅作为抗氧化剂起作用，还可以通过半胱氨酸巯基的S-谷胱甘肽化调节多种不同蛋白质的活性。硫氧还蛋白系统也通过还原链间和链内蛋白质二硫键以及维持重要抗氧化酶如过氧化物酶和甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶的活性，对氧化还原环境做出重大贡献。氧化还原环境影响许多不同蛋白质磷酸酶、蛋白激酶和转录因子的活性和功能。这些作用的总和将决定氧化还原环境的变化如何改变整体细胞功能，从而在调节神经细胞命运和生理中发挥基本作用。
