Graham Kathryn, Bernards Sharon, Osgood D Wayne, Wells Samantha
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
Addiction. 2006 Nov;101(11):1569-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01608.x.
To clarify environmental predictors of bar-room aggression by differentiating relationships due to nightly variations versus across bar variations, frequency versus severity of aggression and patron versus staff aggression.
DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Male-female pairs of researcher-observers conducted 1334 observations in 118 large capacity (> 300) bars and clubs in Toronto, Canada.
Observers independently rated aspects of the environment (e.g. crowding) at every visit and wrote detailed narratives of each incident of aggression that occurred. Measures of severity of aggression for the visit were calculated by aggregating ratings for each person in aggressive incidents.
Although bivariate analyses confirmed the significance of most environmental predictors of aggression identified in previous research, multivariate analyses identified the following key visit-level predictors (controlling for bar-level relationships): rowdiness/permissive environment and people hanging around after closing predicted both frequency and severity of aggression; sexual activity, contact and competition and people with two or more drinks at closing predicted frequency but not severity of aggression; lack of staff monitoring predicted more severe patron aggression, while having more and better coordinated staff predicted more severe staff aggression. Intoxication of patrons was significantly associated with more frequent and severe patron aggression at the bar level (but not at the visit level) in the multivariate analyses and negatively associated with severity of staff aggression at the visit level.
The results demonstrate clearly the importance of the immediate environment (not just the type of bar or characteristics of usual patrons) and the importance of specific environmental factors, including staff behaviour, in predicting both frequency and severity of aggression.
通过区分夜间变化与不同酒吧间变化、攻击行为的频率与严重程度以及顾客与员工间攻击行为所导致的关系，来阐明酒吧攻击行为的环境预测因素。
设计、场所与参与者：男女配对的研究人员观察员在加拿大多伦多的118家大容量（>300人）酒吧和俱乐部进行了1334次观察。
观察员每次到访时独立对环境方面（如拥挤程度）进行评分，并对发生的每起攻击事件撰写详细记录。通过汇总攻击事件中每个人的评分来计算该次到访攻击行为的严重程度指标。
尽管双变量分析证实了先前研究中确定的大多数攻击行为环境预测因素的重要性，但多变量分析确定了以下关键的到访层面预测因素（控制酒吧层面的关系）：吵闹/宽松的环境以及打烊后闲逛的人可预测攻击行为的频率和严重程度；性行为、接触和竞争以及打烊时喝了两杯或更多酒的人可预测攻击行为的频率但不能预测严重程度；缺乏员工监管可预测顾客更严重的攻击行为，而员工更多且协作更好则可预测员工更严重的攻击行为。在多变量分析中，顾客醉酒在酒吧层面与顾客更频繁、更严重的攻击行为显著相关（但在到访层面不相关），在到访层面与员工攻击行为的严重程度呈负相关。
结果清楚地表明了直接环境（不仅仅是酒吧类型或常客特征）的重要性，以及包括员工行为在内的特定环境因素在预测攻击行为的频率和严重程度方面的重要性。
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