Ramaekers J G, Kuypers K P C, Samyn N
Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
Addiction. 2006 Nov;101(11):1614-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01566.x.
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently one of the most popular drugs of abuse in Europe. Its increasing use over the last decade has led to concern regarding possible adverse effects on driving. The aims of the present study were to investigate the acute effects of MDMA on actual driving performance during the intoxication and withdrawal phase.
Eighteen recreational MDMA-users (nine males, nine females) aged 21-39 years participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way cross-over study. MDMA 75 mg, methylphenidate 20 mg and placebo were administered on day 1 of treatment (intoxication phase). Driving tests were conducted between 3 and 5 hours post-drug. Subjects returned the following day for a repetition of the driving tests between 27 and 29 hours post-drug (withdrawal phase). On-the-road driving tests consisted of a road-tracking test and a car-following test. Its main parameters were standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), time to speed adaptation (TSA), brake reaction time (BRT) and gain.
MDMA and methylphenidate significantly decreased SDLP in the road-tracking tests by about 2 cm relative to placebo on day 1 (intoxication phase). In addition, MDMA intoxication decreased performance in the car-following test as indicated by a significant rise in the 'overshoot' of the subjects' response to speed decelerations of the leading vehicle. Driving performance was not affected by treatments during withdrawal on day 2.
Collectively, these data indicate that MDMA is a stimulant drug that may improve certain aspects of the driving task, such as road-tracking performance, but may reduce performance in other aspects of the driving task, such as accuracy of speed adaptation during car-following performance.
3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）是目前欧洲最流行的滥用药物之一。在过去十年中其使用量不断增加，引发了对其可能对驾驶产生不良影响的担忧。本研究的目的是调查摇头丸在中毒和戒断阶段对实际驾驶性能的急性影响。
18名年龄在21至39岁之间的摇头丸娱乐性使用者（9名男性，9名女性）参与了一项双盲、安慰剂对照、三向交叉研究。在治疗第1天（中毒阶段）给予75毫克摇头丸、20毫克哌甲酯和安慰剂。在服药后3至5小时进行驾驶测试。受试者第二天返回，在服药后27至29小时（戒断阶段）重复进行驾驶测试。道路驾驶测试包括道路跟踪测试和跟车测试。其主要参数为横向位置标准差（SDLP）、速度适应时间（TSA）、制动反应时间（BRT）和增益。
在第1天（中毒阶段）的道路跟踪测试中，与安慰剂相比，摇头丸和哌甲酯使SDLP显著降低了约2厘米。此外，摇头丸中毒使跟车测试中的性能下降，表现为受试者对前车速度减速的“超调”显著增加。第2天戒断期间，治疗对驾驶性能没有影响。
总体而言，这些数据表明，摇头丸是一种兴奋剂药物，可能会改善驾驶任务的某些方面，如道路跟踪性能，但可能会降低驾驶任务其他方面的性能，如跟车性能中的速度适应准确性。
