Kurwijila L R, Omore A, Staal S, Mdoe N S Y
Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania.
J Food Prot. 2006 Oct;69(10):2487-92. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2487.
Concerns about food safety are increasing in developing countries where urbanization and changing life styles are associated with greater dependence on marketed foods. Ensuring the safety of animal products supplied from smallholder and pastoral systems in these countries presents a great challenge. The risk of consumer exposure to marketed milk containing antimicrobial residues was investigated by testing 986 samples of unpasteurized milk collected in dry and wet seasons from market agents along milk supply chains in and around Mwanza and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania during 1999 and 2000 and estimating the frequency of consuming such milk. With the Charm-AIM screening test kit, antimicrobial residues were detected in 36% of marketed milk samples, suggesting an average risk of about 11 exposures per month for a daily consumer of milk. The higher prevalence levels of the residues were not significantly different by site or season, as had been hypothesized. Recommendations to address this problem are (i) creation of awareness among policy makers, who are currently unaware of the milk safety problem, and development of potential interventions to address the problem, (ii) testing for the residues at milk collection centers, and (iii) further investigation of milk production practices used by the predominantly smallholder producers and market agents. Risks should be characterized and estimated to provide a basis for designing appropriate extension messages and effective management strategies for protecting the health of consumers without unnecessarily jeopardizing the livelihood benefits derived from dairying by producers and market agents.
在发展中国家，对食品安全的担忧日益增加，在这些国家，城市化和生活方式的改变与对市场销售食品的更大依赖相关联。确保这些国家小农户和畜牧系统供应的动物产品安全面临巨大挑战。通过检测1999年和2000年在坦桑尼亚姆万扎和达累斯萨拉姆及其周边地区的牛奶供应链上从市场代理商处收集的986份未经过巴氏杀菌的牛奶样本，并估算饮用此类牛奶的频率，调查了消费者接触含有抗菌药物残留的市售牛奶的风险。使用Charm - AIM筛选检测试剂盒，在36%的市售牛奶样本中检测到抗菌药物残留，这表明对于每日饮用牛奶的消费者而言，每月平均有大约11次接触风险。正如所假设的那样，残留的较高流行水平在不同地点或季节并无显著差异。针对这一问题的建议包括：(i) 提高目前尚未意识到牛奶安全问题的政策制定者的认识，并制定潜在的干预措施来解决该问题；(ii) 在牛奶收集中心检测残留；(iii) 进一步调查主要由小农户生产者和市场代理商采用的牛奶生产做法。应确定并估算风险，以便为设计适当的推广信息和有效的管理策略提供依据，从而在不过度损害生产者和市场代理商从乳业获得的生计利益的情况下保护消费者健康。
