Cytogenetic analysis of the second chromosome heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster.

This paper reports the cytogenetic characterization of the second chromosome heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. High resolution cytological analysis of a sample of translocations, inversions, deficiencies and free duplications involving the pericentric regions of the second chromosome was achieved by applying sequential Hoechst 33258 and N-chromosome banding techniques to larval neuroblast prometaphase chromosomes. Heterochromatic rearrangements were employed in a series of complementation assays and the genetic elements previously reported to be within or near the second chromosome heterochromatin were thus precisely assigned to specific heterochromatic bands. The results of this analysis reveal a nonhomogeneous distribution of loci along the second chromosome heterochromatin. The l(2)41Aa, l(2)41Ab, rolled (l(2)41Ac) and l(2)41Ad loci are located within the proximal heterochromatin of 2R, while the nine remaining loci in the left arm and two (l(2)41Ae and l(2)41Ah) in the right arm map to h35 and to h46, respectively, the most distal heterochromatic regions. In addition, a common feature of these loci revealed by the cytogenetic analysis is that they map to specific heterochromatic blocks but do not correspond to the blocks themselves, suggesting that they are not as large as the Y fertility factors or the Rsp locus. Mutations of the proximal most heterochromatic loci, l(2)41Aa and rolled, were also examined for their phenotypic effects. Extensive cell death during imaginal disc development was observed in individuals hemizygous for either the EMS 31 and rolled mutations, leading to a pattern of phenotypic defects of adult structures.