The influences of hyperosmolality and synaptic inputs on galanin and vasopressin expression in the hypothalamus.

Galanin is a neuropeptide that is widely distributed throughout the rat central nervous system. It is co-localized with vasopressin in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Vasopressin biosynthesis is increased there by various hyperosmolar stimuli, including drinking 2% saline. We previously demonstrated that the chronically hyperosmolar Brattleboro rat has increased biosynthesis of galanin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. In this report we show using hybridization histochemistry that drinking 2% saline also increased galanin transcripts in these nuclei. We also demonstrate using hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry that knife cuts that sever hypothalamo-hypophysial fibers transiently elevated galanin expression in the supraoptic nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion and depressed vasopressin expression ipsilaterally. Pituitary stalk transections also elevated galanin and decreased vasopressin transcripts. In addition, various knife cuts in the caudal hypothalamus were able to dissociate the expression of vasopressin and galanin, although co-localized and similarly affected by hyperosmolality in the supraoptic nucleus. Unilateral sagittal knife cuts that divided the posterior hypothalamus but avoided the hypothalamo-hypophysial pathway, as well as hemisections at the level of the premammillary area, resulted in ipsilateral elevations of galanin transcripts without significantly affecting vasopressin expression. These results indicate that independent intracellular signal transduction pathways exist for regulating expression of the two genes.