Tomei G, Cinti M E, Cerratti D, Fioravanti M
Dipartimento di Scienze Psichiatriche e Medicina Psicologica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza".
Ann Ig. 2006 Sep-Oct;18(5):417-29.
Repetitive work in occupational settings often requires a combination of mental and physical demands, but few studies were conducted concerning the relationship between attention and repetitive work. In attentive and cognitive tasks, it is common to observe effort and fatigue without the presence of those neuromuscular modifications that would justify the use of these terms. Therefore, we can talk about mental fatigue in those cases in which it is observed the exhaustion of the necessary resources for the execution of a job that doesn't demand the employment of neuromuscular apparatus. Scientific literature about this argument consists of experimental studies which aim to estimate at what extent attentive demands exspecially cognitive demands can interact with physical ones which are peculiarities of repetitive tasks. Work characterized by the maintenance of high levels of performance for a long time, produce cognitive effort with high level of vigilance, selective attention, decisional ability, automated control mechanisms, such as "eye-hand", and may contribute to the fatigue. Indeed, fatigue plays a important role in a working context since, it may interfere with the work itself by reducing the worker's efficiency and performance and if excessive and extended, it may alter the subject's psycho-physical condition and induce different pathologies. Repetitive work can contribute to the increasing of muscular fatigue by inducing mental fatigue: for example tasks which require high vigilance but low neuromuscular work, may induce a sense of effort and fatigue and cognitive factors and mental stress may cause muscular fatigue. Several intrinsic job factors, including repetitive works, may act as stressors and they can cause mental and physical symptoms such as anxiety, depression and somatic diseases. The European Community has often emphasized the pathogenic value of stress and fatigue with their high social and individual costs. For this purpose, it is opportune to consider the norm UNI EN ISO 10075, which points out the necessity to consider the human component, in term of mental load which implies not only the cognitive component but also the whole psychical sphere of the subject. Training intended like a sort of learning of specific modalities, supplies workers with the necessary instruments for a correct and more aware management of the peculiarities of working activity, contributing to the reduction of fatigue and stress deriving from the job.
职业环境中的重复性工作通常需要脑力和体力的结合，但很少有关于注意力与重复性工作之间关系的研究。在注意力和认知任务中，常常会观察到努力和疲劳的情况，而此时并没有那些能证明使用这些术语合理性的神经肌肉变化。因此，在观察到执行一项不需要动用神经肌肉器官的工作所需资源耗尽的情况下，我们可以谈论精神疲劳。关于这一论点的科学文献包括实验研究，其目的是估计注意力需求，特别是认知需求，在多大程度上能与重复性任务特有的体力需求相互作用。长时间保持高水平表现的工作，会产生高水平的警觉性、选择性注意力、决策能力、自动控制机制（如“眼手协调”）等认知努力，并可能导致疲劳。事实上，疲劳在工作环境中起着重要作用，因为它可能通过降低工人的效率和表现来干扰工作本身，如果过度且持续时间过长，可能会改变个体的身心状况并引发不同的疾病。重复性工作可通过引发精神疲劳导致肌肉疲劳加剧：例如，那些需要高度警觉但神经肌肉工作量低的任务，可能会引发努力和疲劳感，认知因素和精神压力可能导致肌肉疲劳。包括重复性工作在内的一些内在工作因素可能会成为压力源，它们会导致焦虑、抑郁和躯体疾病等精神和身体症状。欧洲共同体经常强调压力和疲劳的致病价值及其高昂的社会和个人成本。为此，考虑标准UNI EN ISO 10075是合适的，该标准指出有必要从精神负荷的角度考虑人的因素，这不仅意味着认知成分，还意味着个体的整个心理领域。旨在作为一种特定方式学习的培训，为工人提供了正确且更有意识地管理工作活动特点所需的工具，有助于减少工作带来的疲劳和压力。
