Managing antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in children.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are increasingly being recognized in children. Transient non-pathogenic aPL are often seen after childhood infections, while thrombotic events seem rare in those with true aPL. We discuss the main scenarios faced when dealing with children with aPL--asymtomatic aPL, primary APS and secondary APS. Children with thrombotic events present difficult management problems, as there is little evidence-based medicine in this area. We discuss the manifestations and management of childhood aPL--asymptomatic aPL, primary and secondary APS elucidated with case histories. Insufficient safety data on anticoagulation and limited information on the effects of warfarin, use of aspirin, duration and intensity of anticoagulation are some of the unresolved issues in managing aPL and APS in children. Multicenter randomized controlled trials may provide answers to some of these issues.