[Health services research: innovation transfer in clinical research].

Clinical research in Germany suffers from a structural crisis caused by inappropriate input, suboptimal output and low efficiency. The situation is aggravated by fixed DRG-based payments, fix charges for education and research and reductions in governmental funding. Both healthcare system and clinical research in Germany are characterized by a profound sectorization, followed by resource competition between basic science and patient-oriented research. Basic biomedical research in Germany is widely accepted in the international context, but there is a lack of research on the transfer of basic science to clinical trials and everyday healthcare. According to international examples, the 1999 systematology of the Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (DFG), a German research foundation, has to be expanded to the dimension of innovation transfer. Clinical translational research focuses on the transfer of basic science to clinical trials, and outcomes research, also known as health services research, describes the transfer of results from clinical trials (efficacy) to clinical application (effectiveness). Outcomes research is interdisciplinary, multiprofessional and patient-oriented. The so-called effectiveness gap between efficacy and effectiveness is determined by patient-sided, professional, organizational and system factors. Outcomes research provides university-based medical research centers with the opportunity to join other stakeholders of the healthcare system and to integrate the universities' scientific standard with its own further development. It is suggested that this widened perspective plays a key role in settling the crisis of clinical research in Germany.