Differential effects of paraquat on oxidative stress parameters and polyamine levels in two freshwater invertebrates.

Paraquat is still a widely used herbicide in several countries. Its toxic action on plants occurs through a one-electron reduction interfering with the photosynthesis process. By a similar reaction, the herbicide may induce peroxidation processes in non-target animal species. Furthermore, paraquat may interfere with the cellular transport of polyamines. The aim of this work was to investigate some aspects related to paraquat-induction of oxidative stress (lipoperoxidation, enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase) and also the levels of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in two species of freshwater invertebrates, the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. The results showed that both organisms elicited differential responses. In addition, the data suggested that polyamines may play an important role against lipoperoxidation processes.