Hutson Mary R, Kirby Margaret L
Department of Pediatrics, Bell Building, Room 157, Neonatology, Box 3179, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2007 Feb;18(1):101-10. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.12.004. Epub 2006 Dec 19.
Neural crest cells are multipotential cells that delaminate from the dorsal neural tube and migrate widely throughout the body. A subregion of the cranial neural crest originating between the otocyst and somite 3 has been called "cardiac neural crest" because of the importance of these cells in heart development. Much of what we know about the contribution and function of the cardiac neural crest in cardiovascular development has been learned in the chick embryo using quail-chick chimeras to study neural crest migration and derivatives as well as using ablation of premigratory neural crest cells to study their function. These studies show that cardiac neural crest cells are absolutely required to form the aorticopulmonary septum dividing the cardiac arterial pole into systemic and pulmonary circulations. They support the normal development and patterning of derivatives of the caudal pharyngeal arches and pouches, including the great arteries and the thymus, thyroid and parathyroids. Recently, cardiac neural crest cells have been shown to modulate signaling in the pharynx during the lengthening of the outflow tract by the secondary heart field. Most of the genes associated with cardiac neural crest function have been identified using mouse models. These studies show that the neural crest cells may not be the direct cause of abnormal cardiovascular development but they are a major component in the complex tissue interactions in the caudal pharynx and outflow tract. Since, cardiac neural crest cells span from the caudal pharynx into the outflow tract, they are especially susceptible to any perturbation in or by other cells in these regions. Thus, understanding congenital cardiac outflow malformations in human sequences of malformations as represented by the DiGeorge syndrome will necessarily require understanding development of the cardiac neural crest.
神经嵴细胞是多能细胞，它们从背侧神经管分层并广泛迁移至全身。由于这些细胞在心脏发育中的重要性，起源于耳囊和第3体节之间的颅神经嵴的一个亚区域被称为“心脏神经嵴”。我们对心脏神经嵴在心血管发育中的贡献和功能的许多了解，是通过在鸡胚中使用鹌鹑 - 鸡嵌合体来研究神经嵴迁移及其衍生物，以及通过消融迁移前的神经嵴细胞来研究其功能而获得的。这些研究表明，心脏神经嵴细胞对于形成将心脏动脉极分为体循环和肺循环的主动脉肺动脉隔是绝对必需的。它们支持尾侧咽弓和咽囊衍生物的正常发育和模式形成，包括大动脉以及胸腺、甲状腺和甲状旁腺。最近，已证明心脏神经嵴细胞在次级心脏场使流出道延长期间调节咽部的信号传导。大多数与心脏神经嵴功能相关的基因已通过小鼠模型得以鉴定。这些研究表明，神经嵴细胞可能不是心血管发育异常的直接原因，但它们是尾侧咽部和流出道复杂组织相互作用的主要组成部分。由于心脏神经嵴细胞从尾侧咽部延伸至流出道，它们特别容易受到这些区域中其他细胞的任何干扰或干扰。因此，了解以DiGeorge综合征为代表的人类畸形序列中的先天性心脏流出道畸形必然需要了解心脏神经嵴的发育。
