Heilman Madeline E, Okimoto Tyler G
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
J Appl Psychol. 2007 Jan;92(1):81-92. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81.
In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers--in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability--was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions.
在3项实验研究中，作者测试了这样一种观点，即女性在传统男性领域取得成功所遭受的惩罚源于人们认为她们因成功而在养育和社会敏感的社群属性方面存在不足。因此，作者预计提供社群属性信息会避免这些惩罚。结果表明，当有迹象表明成功的女性管理者具有社群属性时，针对她们的负面评价——在亲和力评级、人际敌意和成为老板的受欢迎程度方面——会有所减轻。这种改善效果仅在信息明确表明社群属性时出现（研究1），以及当信息可以明确归因于女性管理者时出现（研究2）；此外，当社群属性通过角色信息（母亲身份）或行为传达时，这些惩罚得以避免（研究3）。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即女性在男性领域取得成功所遭受的惩罚是由于人们认为她们违反了性别刻板印象规定。
