Russell M, Czarnecki D M, Cowan R, McPherson E, Mudar P J
Research Institute on Alcoholism, Buffalo, New York 14203.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991 Dec;15(6):991-1000. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb05200.x.
The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth, dysmorphology, and cognitive development at 6 years was examined in children whose mothers had completed a self-administered questionnaire during pregnancy. Drinking patterns prior to pregnancy recognition and indications of problem drinking (IPD) were assessed. Heavier alcohol intake was associated with slower growth in height and head circumference and increased dysmorphology, as evidenced by facial features associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and the prevalence of probable/possible fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Indications of problem drinking predicted facial features associated with FAS and cognitive deficits (i.e., lower WPPSI Verbal IQ scores and lower scores on a test of receptive language function, the Token Test). Effects of alcohol consumption on head circumference and of indications of problem drinking on Verbal IQ and Token Test scores remained significant, even after excluding children born to mothers having drinkers (over seven drinks a day) and children with probable/possible FAE. Verbal IQ was an average of 7.1 points (95% confidence interval = 0.01, 14.25) lower among children born to mothers having more than one indication of problem drinking than it was among those born to women having fewer indications; Token Test scores were 4.3 points lower (95% confidence interval = 1.38, 7.24). Although the confidence intervals for these estimates are broad in this small, heterogeneous sample, their magnitude, if confirmed, is significant given that the population standard deviation for Verbal IQ is 15, and that for the Token Test is 5.
对母亲在孕期完成了一份自填式问卷的儿童，研究了产前酒精暴露对其6岁时生长发育、畸形以及认知发展的影响。评估了怀孕确认前的饮酒模式以及问题饮酒指征（IPD）。饮酒量越大，身高和头围增长越缓慢，畸形增加，这表现为与胎儿酒精综合征（FAS）相关的面部特征以及可能的胎儿酒精影响（FAE）的患病率。问题饮酒指征预示着与FAS相关的面部特征和认知缺陷（即较低的韦氏幼儿智力量表语言智商得分以及接受性语言功能测试——代币测验的较低得分）。即使排除母亲为饮酒者（每天饮酒超过七杯）所生的孩子以及可能患有/可能患有胎儿酒精影响的孩子，酒精摄入对头围的影响以及问题饮酒指征对语言智商和代币测验得分的影响仍然显著。母亲有不止一项问题饮酒指征的孩子，其语言智商平均比母亲问题饮酒指征较少的孩子低7.1分（95%置信区间 = 0.01, 14.25）；代币测验得分低4.3分（95%置信区间 = 1.38, 7.24）。尽管在这个小的、异质性样本中这些估计的置信区间较宽，但鉴于语言智商的总体标准差为15，代币测验的总体标准差为5，如果得到证实，它们的幅度是显著的。
