Sládek Vladimír, Berner Margit, Sosna Daniel, Sailer Robert
Katedra Antropologie, Fakulta Filozofická, Západoceská Univerzita v Plzni, Tylova 18, 30125 Plzen, Czech Republic.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007 May;133(1):669-81. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20551.
It is assumed that the transition from the Late Eneolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe was associated with substantial changes in subsistence and the perception of gender differences. However, the archeological record itself does not entirely support this model. Alternatively, this transition may be interpreted as a continuous process. We used asymmetry in external dimensions, and asymmetry in size and distribution of cortical tissue of humeri to elucidate the nature of this transition with respect to differences in manipulative behavior. The total sample of 67 individuals representing five archaeological cultures was used. The results indicate that the pattern of asymmetry of the humeral external measurements and the cross-sectional parameters taken at 35% of humeral biomechanical length remain stable during the Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age. However, females of both periods show fluctuating asymmetry for all of the cross-sectional parameters, but directional asymmetry for biomechanical length. Males are nonsignificantly shifted from the line of equivalence for biomechanical length, but exhibit directional asymmetry for the cortical area and polar moment of area. Only distal articular breadth yields fluctuating asymmetry for both females and males in both periods. Thus, the transition from the Late Eneolithic to the Early Bronze Age can be seen as a continuous process that probably affected only a limited part of human activities. We interpret the differences between females and males of both periods as evidence of gender-specific activities; males might have been associated with extra-domestic agricultural labor that resulted in asymmetrical manipulative loading and females with domestic labor with symmetrical manipulative loading in both periods.
据推测，中欧从新石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期的转变与生存方式和对性别差异认知的重大变化有关。然而，考古记录本身并不完全支持这一模式。相反，这种转变可能被解释为一个连续的过程。我们利用肱骨外部尺寸的不对称性以及肱骨皮质组织大小和分布的不对称性，来阐明这种转变在操作行为差异方面的本质。使用了代表五种考古文化的67个人的总样本。结果表明，在新石器时代晚期和青铜时代早期，肱骨外部测量的不对称模式以及在肱骨生物力学长度的35%处获取的横截面参数保持稳定。然而，两个时期的女性在所有横截面参数上都表现出波动不对称，但在生物力学长度上表现出方向性不对称。男性在生物力学长度上与等效线的偏差不显著，但在皮质面积和面积极矩上表现出方向性不对称。只有远端关节宽度在两个时期的女性和男性中都产生波动不对称。因此，从新石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期的转变可以被视为一个连续的过程，可能只影响了人类活动的有限部分。我们将两个时期的女性和男性之间的差异解释为特定性别的活动的证据；在两个时期，男性可能与家庭外的农业劳动有关，这导致了不对称的操作负荷，而女性与家务劳动有关，操作负荷对称。
