Watson P E, McDonald B W
Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;61(11):1271-80. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602644. Epub 2007 Feb 7.
To determine, firstly, if there was any seasonal effect on nutrient intake during pregnancy and birth measures, secondly, if there was any relationship between maternal nutrient intake and infant birth measures according to season and thirdly, to consider the hypothesis that seasonal change in nutrient intake during pregnancy might affect health in later life of some women's offspring.
Pilot study to determine number of days required to characterize group intake followed by a prospective cohort study.
Patients attending a city ante-natal clinic in the lower North Island, New Zealand.
A total of 214 healthy mostly European pregnant women volunteers, entering the second trimester of pregnancy, of whom 10 miscarried and seven withdrew.
Subjects were visited in months 4 and 7 of pregnancy, and months 2, 6 and 12 after birth. Height, weight and skinfolds were measured and questionnaires to determine personal details administered at these times. Subjects recorded 8 days of weighed diets in both the fourth and seventh month. Health records were used to supply infant measures.
Significant (P</=0.05) seasonal variations in fat, carbohydrate, vitamin C and D, B vitamins, beta-carotene, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, sodium, chloride, zinc and selenium intakes were found. No significant 'main effect' difference in gestational age, infant birthweight, and head circumference was found with season. However, there were significant interactions (P</=0.05) for each birth season between birth measures and specific maternal nutrients at months 4 and 7 of pregnancy.
The significant seasonal variations in nutrient intake in pregnant women, and significant influence of nutrient intake on birth measures in different seasons, suggests seasonal nutrient variation may also affect fetal development at a cellular level. This supports our hypothesis that the development of conditions related to season of birth, including schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes and longevity, may be influenced by seasonal variation in nutrient intake during pregnancy.
首先，确定孕期营养摄入和分娩指标是否存在季节性影响；其次，根据季节判断母亲营养摄入与婴儿出生指标之间是否存在关联；第三，探讨孕期营养摄入的季节性变化可能影响部分女性后代晚年健康的假说。
先进行试点研究以确定描述群体摄入量所需的天数，随后开展前瞻性队列研究。
新西兰北岛下部一座城市的产前诊所。
总共214名主要为欧洲裔的健康孕妇志愿者，她们进入妊娠中期，其中10人流产，7人退出研究。
在妊娠第4个月和第7个月以及产后第2个月、第6个月和第12个月对研究对象进行访视。测量身高、体重和皮褶厚度，并在这些时间点发放问卷以确定个人详细信息。研究对象记录了第4个月和第7个月8天的称重饮食情况。利用健康记录获取婴儿指标。
发现脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素C、维生素D、B族维生素、β-胡萝卜素、钠、钾、钙、磷、硫、钠、氯、锌和硒的摄入量存在显著（P≤0.05）季节性变化。未发现胎龄、婴儿出生体重和头围随季节有显著的“主效应”差异。然而，在妊娠第4个月和第7个月，每个分娩季节的出生指标与特定母体营养素之间存在显著交互作用（P≤0.05）。
孕妇营养摄入存在显著季节性变化，且营养摄入在不同季节对分娩指标有显著影响，这表明季节性营养变化可能也会在细胞水平上影响胎儿发育。这支持了我们的假说，即与出生季节相关的疾病（包括精神分裂症、多发性硬化症、I型糖尿病和长寿）的发生可能受到孕期营养摄入季节性变化的影响。
