Nodal protrusions, increased Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and paranodal disorganization are characteristic features of sulfatide-deficient peripheral nerves.

Galactocerebroside and sulfatide are two major glycolipids in myelin; however, their independent functions are not fully understood. The absence of these glycolipids causes disruption of paranodal junctions, which separate voltage-gated Na(+) and Shaker-type K(+) channels in the node and juxtaparanode, respectively. In contrast to glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) possess characteristic structures, including microvilli and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, in addition to paranodal loops. All of these regions are involved in axo-glial interactions. In the present study, we examined cerebroside sulfotransferase-deficient mice to determine whether sulfatide is essential for axo-glial interactions in these PNS regions. Interestingly, marked axonal protrusions were observed in some of the nodal segments, which often contained abnormally enlarged vesicles, like degenerated mitochondria. Moreover, many transversely cut ends of microvilli surrounded the mutant nodes, suggesting that alignments of the microvilli were disordered. The mutant PNS showed mild elongation of nodal Na(+) channel clusters. Even though Caspr and NF155 were completely absent in half of the paranodes, short clusters of these molecules remained in the rest of the paranodal regions. Ultrastructural analysis indicated the presence of transverse bands in some paranodal regions and detachment of the outermost several loops. Furthermore, the numbers of incisures were remarkably increased in the mutant internode. Therefore, these results indicate that sulfatide may play an important role in the PNS, especially in the regions where myelin-axon interactions occur.