Rösing F W, Graw M, Marré B, Ritz-Timme S, Rothschild M A, Rötzscher K, Schmeling A, Schröder I, Geserick G
Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Ulm, Germany.
Homo. 2007;58(1):75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2005.07.002. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
In both diagnostic fields a two-stage strategy is recommended: to first use "field" methods that are quick and easy but more imprecise and then "laboratory" methods that are time consuming but more precise. In preparing skeletal work, individuality of a skeleton should be checked, traces of diseases sought and time since death assessed. For sexing non-adults, the field methods are tooth mineralisation, long bone length and a few morphological skull and pelvis characteristics, for adults it is the morphology of pelvis and skull, and for both age groups the advanced laboratory method is molecular biology. For ageing non-adults the methods are mineralisation of teeth, long bone length and epiphysis development. For ageing adults the advanced laboratory method is aspartic acid racemisation. Less accurate laboratory methods are cement ring counts and histology of bones and teeth. Quick morphological methods using the pubic symphysis and other traits in combinations follow. Finally, cranial sutures and tooth number give a quick and rough impression. For the selection of a method and the assessment of its value the stochastic error produced for the reference sample is the decisive criterion; it should also be used to assess the reliability of a single diagnosis. Prerequisites for all work with skeletons are not only a complete knowledge of the relevant biology as well as specific techniques but also initial detailed instructions and with forensic applications, personal experience.
在这两个诊断领域，都推荐采用两阶段策略：首先使用快速简便但不太精确的“现场”方法，然后使用耗时但更精确的“实验室”方法。在处理骨骼工作时，应检查骨骼的个体特征，寻找疾病痕迹并评估死亡时间。对于非成年人的性别鉴定，现场方法有牙齿矿化、长骨长度以及一些颅骨和骨盆的形态特征；对于成年人，是骨盆和颅骨的形态；而对于这两个年龄组，先进的实验室方法是分子生物学。对于非成年人的年龄鉴定，方法有牙齿矿化、长骨长度和骨骺发育。对于成年人的年龄鉴定，先进的实验室方法是天冬氨酸消旋化。不太精确的实验室方法有牙骨质环计数以及骨骼和牙齿的组织学检查。接下来是使用耻骨联合和其他特征组合的快速形态学方法。最后，颅缝和牙齿数量能给出快速且粗略的印象。对于方法的选择及其价值评估，参考样本产生的随机误差是决定性标准；它也应用于评估单一诊断的可靠性。处理骨骼的所有工作的前提不仅是对相关生物学以及特定技术有全面了解，还需要初步的详细指导，以及在法医应用方面的个人经验。
