Roco Mihail C
The National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Rm. 505 N, Arlington, VA 22230, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1093:1-23. doi: 10.1196/annals.1382.002.
It is expected that convergence of nanotechnology, modern biology, the digital revolution, and cognitive sciences will bring about tremendous improvements in transformative tools, generate new products and services, enable human personal abilities and social achievements, and in time reshape societal relationships. This article focuses on the progress made in governance of such converging, emerging technologies that are integrated with more traditional technologies. The proposed framework for governance calls for several key functions: supporting the transformative impact; advancing responsible development that includes health, safety, and ethical concerns; encouraging national and global partnerships; and commitment to long-term planning with effects on human development. Principles of good governance include participation of all those involved or affected by the new technologies, transparency, participant responsibility, and effective strategic planning. Introduction and management of converging technologies must be done with respect for immediate concerns (such as information technology privacy, access to medical advancements, and addressing toxicity of new nanomaterials) and longer-term concerns (such as human development and concern for human integrity, dignity, and welfare). Four levels of governance of converging technologies have been identified: (a) adapting existing regulations and organizations; (b) establishing new programs, regulations, and organizations specifically to handle converging technologies; (c) national policies and institutional capacity building; and (d) international agreements and partnerships.
预计纳米技术、现代生物学、数字革命和认知科学的融合将给变革性工具带来巨大改进，催生出新的产品和服务，提升人类个人能力并推动社会成就，最终重塑社会关系。本文聚焦于对这类与更传统技术相融合的新兴融合技术的治理进展。所提出的治理框架需要若干关键功能：支持变革性影响；推动包括健康、安全和伦理考量在内的负责任发展；鼓励国家和全球伙伴关系；以及致力于对人类发展产生影响的长期规划。善治原则包括所有涉及或受新技术影响者的参与、透明度、参与者责任以及有效的战略规划。融合技术的引入和管理必须在尊重当下关切（如信息技术隐私、获取医学进步以及应对新型纳米材料的毒性）和长期关切（如人类发展以及对人类完整性、尊严和福祉的关注）的前提下进行。已确定融合技术治理的四个层面：(a) 调整现有法规和组织；(b) 专门设立新的项目、法规和组织来处理融合技术；(c) 国家政策和机构能力建设；以及 (d) 国际协定和伙伴关系。
