Rüsch Nicolas, Corrigan Patrick W, Bohus Martin, Jacob Gitta A, Brueck Rigo, Lieb Klaus
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
Psychiatry Res. 2007 Apr 15;150(3):313-25. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.018. Epub 2007 Feb 23.
Quantitative assessment of shame and guilt using self-report questionnaires can help to understand the role of these emotions in various mental disorders. However, shame and guilt measures have predominantly been tested among healthy subjects that usually show low levels of guilt and shame. Thus, little is known about the comparative validity of different shame and guilt questionnaires in a population of shame- and guilt-prone persons with mental illness as compared to healthy subjects. This study used the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-3), the Personal Feelings Questionnaire (PFQ-2) and the Experiential Shame Scale (ESS) among 60 women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 60 healthy women. Intercorrelations of shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and state shame as well as their correlations with self-efficacy, empowerment, state and trait-anxiety, experiential avoidance, depression, and general psychopathology were assessed. In both groups, shame-proneness was moderately related to guilt-proneness, both as assessed by the TOSCA-3 and the PFQ-2. For the TOSCA-3, among healthy subjects shame-proneness was significantly correlated with other constructs while guilt-proneness was not. This difference turned largely insignificant among women with BPD. For the PFQ-2, shame- and guilt-proneness showed similar correlational patterns with other constructs in both groups. The guilt-proneness scale of the TOSCA-3 showed poor internal consistency. State shame (ESS) was strongly related to state anxiety in both groups, and its correlations with other constructs were similar to state anxiety. The discriminant validity of the TOSCA-3 to distinguish between shame- and guilt-proneness may be diminished in clinical samples. The measure of state shame (ESS) showed a large overlap with state anxiety.
使用自我报告问卷对羞耻感和内疚感进行定量评估有助于理解这些情绪在各种精神障碍中的作用。然而，羞耻感和内疚感的测量主要在通常表现出低水平内疚感和羞耻感的健康受试者中进行测试。因此，与健康受试者相比，对于不同羞耻感和内疚感问卷在易产生羞耻感和内疚感的精神疾病患者群体中的比较效度知之甚少。本研究对60名边缘型人格障碍（BPD）女性和60名健康女性使用了自我意识情感测试（TOSCA - 3）、个人情感问卷（PFQ - 2）和体验性羞耻量表（ESS）。评估了羞耻倾向、内疚倾向和状态羞耻感的相互关系，以及它们与自我效能感、赋权、状态和特质焦虑、经验性回避、抑郁和一般精神病理学的相关性。在两组中，通过TOSCA - 3和PFQ - 2评估，羞耻倾向与内疚倾向均呈中等程度相关。对于TOSCA - 3，在健康受试者中，羞耻倾向与其他构念显著相关，而内疚倾向则不然。在患有BPD的女性中，这种差异在很大程度上不显著。对于PFQ - 2，羞耻倾向和内疚倾向在两组中与其他构念显示出相似的相关模式。TOSCA - 3的内疚倾向量表显示出较差的内部一致性。状态羞耻感（ESS）在两组中均与状态焦虑密切相关，并且其与其他构念的相关性与状态焦虑相似。在临床样本中，TOSCA - 3区分羞耻倾向和内疚倾向的判别效度可能会降低。状态羞耻感（ESS）的测量与状态焦虑有很大重叠。
