Horne Pauline J, Erjavec Mihela
School of Psychology, University of Wales Bangor, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2AS, United Kingdom.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2007 Jan;87(1):63-87. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2007.11-06.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate generalized imitation of manual gestures in 1- to 2-year-old infants. In Experiment 1, 6 infants were first trained four baseline matching relations (e.g., when instructed "Do this", to raise their arms after they saw the experimenter do so). Next, four novel gestures that the infants did not match in probe trials were selected as target behaviors during generalized imitation Test 1; models of these gestures were presented on unreinforced matching trials interspersed with intermittently reinforced baseline matching trials. None of the infants matched the target behaviors. To ensure that these behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, the infants were next trained to produce them, at least once, under stimulus control that did not include an antecedent model of the target behavior. In repeat generalized imitation trials (Test 2), the infants again failed to match the target behaviors. Five infants (3 from Experiment 1) participated in Experiment 2, which was identical to Experiment 1 except that, following generalized imitation Test 1, the motor-skills training was implemented to a higher criterion (21 responses per target behavior), and in a multiple-baseline, across-target-behaviors procedure. In the final generalized imitation test, 1 infant matched one, and another infant matched two target behaviors; the remaining 17 target behaviors still were not matched. The results did not provide convincing evidence of generalized imitation, even though baseline matching was well maintained and the target behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, raising the question of what are the conditions that reliably give rise to generalized imitation.
进行了两项实验，以研究1至2岁婴儿对手势的广义模仿。在实验1中，首先对6名婴儿进行了四种基线匹配关系的训练（例如，当被指示“做这个”时，在看到实验者这样做后举起他们的手臂）。接下来，在广义模仿测试1期间，选择了婴儿在探测试验中未匹配的四种新手势作为目标行为；这些手势的示范在无强化匹配试验中呈现，穿插在间歇强化的基线匹配试验中。没有一个婴儿匹配目标行为。为了确保这些行为在婴儿的运动技能范围内，接下来训练婴儿在不包括目标行为先行示范的刺激控制下至少做出一次这些行为。在重复的广义模仿试验（测试2）中，婴儿再次未能匹配目标行为。五名婴儿（实验1中的3名）参与了实验2，该实验与实验1相同，只是在广义模仿测试1之后，运动技能训练以更高的标准（每个目标行为21次反应）实施，并采用多基线、跨目标行为程序。在最后的广义模仿测试中，一名婴儿匹配了一个目标行为，另一名婴儿匹配了两个目标行为；其余17个目标行为仍未被匹配。尽管基线匹配得到了很好的维持，并且目标行为在婴儿的运动技能范围内，但结果并未提供令人信服的广义模仿证据，这就引发了一个问题，即可靠地产生广义模仿的条件是什么。
