Rutter Michael
Developmental Psychopathology, PO 80, MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE 5 8AF, UK.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:1-12. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.002.
Resilience is an interactive concept that refers to a relative resistance to environmental risk experiences, or the overcoming of stress or adversity. As such, it differs from both social competence positive mental health. Resilience differs from traditional concepts of risk and protection in its focus on individual variations in response to comparable experiences. Accordingly, the research focus needs to be on those individual differences and the causal processes that they reflect, rather than on resilience as a general quality. Because resilience in relation to childhood adversities may stem from positive adult experiences, a life-span trajectory approach is needed. Also, because of the crucial importance of gene-environment interactions in relation to resilience, a wide range of research strategies spanning psychosocial and biological methods is needed. Five main implications stem from the research to date: (1) resistance to hazards may derive from controlled exposure to risk (rather than its avoidance); (2) resistance may derive from traits or circumstances that are without major effects in the absence of the relevant environmental hazards; (3) resistance may derive from physiological or psychological coping processes rather than external risk or protective factors; (4) delayed recovery may derive from "turning point" experiences in adult life; and (5) resilience may be constrained by biological programming or damaging effects of stress/adversity on neural structures.
复原力是一个交互性概念，指对环境风险经历的相对抵抗力，或对压力或逆境的克服。因此，它既不同于社会能力，也不同于积极的心理健康。复原力在关注个体对可比经历的反应差异方面，有别于传统的风险和保护概念。相应地，研究重点应放在那些个体差异以及它们所反映的因果过程上，而不是将复原力视为一种普遍特质。由于与童年逆境相关的复原力可能源于积极的成年经历，因此需要采用毕生轨迹法。此外，鉴于基因 - 环境相互作用在复原力方面的至关重要性，需要广泛运用涵盖心理社会和生物学方法的一系列研究策略。迄今为止的研究产生了五个主要影响：（1）对危害的抵抗力可能源于对风险的可控暴露（而非规避）；（2）抵抗力可能源于在没有相关环境危害时没有重大影响的特质或环境；（3）抵抗力可能源于生理或心理应对过程，而非外部风险或保护因素；（4）延迟恢复可能源于成年生活中的“转折点”经历；（5）复原力可能受到生物编程或压力/逆境对神经结构的损害作用的限制。
