Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 Jul;24(4):267-73. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834776a8.
In a context of global concern about the consequences of stress and extreme adversities, advances in theory and methods for studying human resilience have ushered in a new era of integrative, biopsychosocial research. This review highlights recent theory, findings, and implications of resilience research on young people.
Resilience research has shifted toward dynamic system models with multiple levels of interaction, including research on the neurobiology of stress and adaption, epigenetic processes, and disasters. Growing evidence indicates individual differences in biological sensitivity to negative and positive experiences, including interventions. Early experiences show enduring programming effects on key adaptive systems, underscoring the importance of early intervention. Studies of developmental cascades demonstrate spreading effects of competence and symptoms over time, with important implications for the timing and targeting of interventions. Disaster research suggests guidelines for planning to protect children in the event of large-scale trauma.
Research is integrating the study of resilience across system levels, with implications for promoting positive adaptation of young people faced with extreme adversity. However, studies on neurobiological and epigenetic processes are just beginning, and more research is needed on efficacy, as well as strategic timing and targeting, of interventions.
在全球关注压力和极端逆境后果的背景下，研究人类韧性的理论和方法的进步开创了一个综合的、心理社会生物学研究的新时代。这篇综述强调了韧性研究对年轻人的最新理论、发现和意义。
韧性研究已经转向具有多层次相互作用的动态系统模型，包括应激和适应的神经生物学、表观遗传学过程和灾害研究。越来越多的证据表明，个体对消极和积极经验的生物敏感性存在差异，包括干预措施。早期经验对关键适应系统产生持久的编程效应，突出了早期干预的重要性。发展级联研究表明，随着时间的推移，能力和症状会产生扩散效应，这对干预的时间和目标具有重要意义。灾害研究为在大规模创伤发生时保护儿童提出了规划指南。
研究正在整合跨系统水平的韧性研究，这对促进面临极端逆境的年轻人的积极适应具有重要意义。然而，神经生物学和表观遗传学过程的研究才刚刚开始，需要更多关于干预的疗效以及干预的战略时机和目标的研究。
