Sameroff Arnold J, Rosenblum Katherine L
Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:116-24. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.010.
Although resilience is usually thought to reside in individuals, developmental research is increasingly demonstrating that characteristics of the social context may be better predictors of resilience. When the relative contribution of early resilience and environmental challenges to later child mental health and academic achievement were compared in a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence, indicators of child resilience, such as the behavioral and emotional self-regulation characteristic of good mental health, and the cognitive self-regulation characteristic of high intelligence contributed to later competence. However, the effects of such individual resilience did not overcome the effects of high environmental challenge, such as poor parenting, antisocial peers, low-resource communities, and economic hardship. The effects of single environmental challenges become very large when accumulated into multiple risk scores even affecting the development of offspring in the next generation.
虽然人们通常认为复原力存在于个体之中，但发展研究越来越表明，社会环境的特征可能是复原力更好的预测指标。在一项从出生到青春期的纵向研究中，当比较早期复原力和环境挑战对后期儿童心理健康和学业成就的相对贡献时，儿童复原力的指标，如良好心理健康的行为和情绪自我调节特征，以及高智商的认知自我调节特征，对后期的能力发展有促进作用。然而，这种个体复原力的影响并没有克服高环境挑战的影响，如不良养育方式、反社会同伴、资源匮乏的社区和经济困难。当累积成多个风险分数时，单一环境挑战的影响会变得非常大，甚至会影响到下一代后代的发展。
