Kremen Claire, Williams Neal M, Aizen Marcelo A, Gemmill-Herren Barbara, LeBuhn Gretchen, Minckley Robert, Packer Laurence, Potts Simon G, Roulston T'ai, Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf, Vázquez Diego P, Winfree Rachael, Adams Laurie, Crone Elizabeth E, Greenleaf Sarah S, Keitt Timothy H, Klein Alexandra-Maria, Regetz James, Ricketts Taylor H
Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
Ecol Lett. 2007 Apr;10(4):299-314. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01018.x.
Many ecosystem services are delivered by organisms that depend on habitats that are segregated spatially or temporally from the location where services are provided. Management of mobile organisms contributing to ecosystem services requires consideration not only of the local scale where services are delivered, but also the distribution of resources at the landscape scale, and the foraging ranges and dispersal movements of the mobile agents. We develop a conceptual model for exploring how one such mobile-agent-based ecosystem service (MABES), pollination, is affected by land-use change, and then generalize the model to other MABES. The model includes interactions and feedbacks among policies affecting land use, market forces and the biology of the organisms involved. Animal-mediated pollination contributes to the production of goods of value to humans such as crops; it also bolsters reproduction of wild plants on which other services or service-providing organisms depend. About one-third of crop production depends on animal pollinators, while 60-90% of plant species require an animal pollinator. The sensitivity of mobile organisms to ecological factors that operate across spatial scales makes the services provided by a given community of mobile agents highly contextual. Services vary, depending on the spatial and temporal distribution of resources surrounding the site, and on biotic interactions occurring locally, such as competition among pollinators for resources, and among plants for pollinators. The value of the resulting goods or services may feed back via market-based forces to influence land-use policies, which in turn influence land management practices that alter local habitat conditions and landscape structure. Developing conceptual models for MABES aids in identifying knowledge gaps, determining research priorities, and targeting interventions that can be applied in an adaptive management context.
许多生态系统服务是由依赖于栖息地的生物提供的，这些栖息地在空间或时间上与服务提供地点相隔离。对有助于生态系统服务的移动生物进行管理，不仅需要考虑服务提供的局部尺度，还需要考虑景观尺度上资源的分布，以及移动生物的觅食范围和扩散运动。我们开发了一个概念模型，以探索一种基于移动生物的生态系统服务（MABES）——授粉，是如何受到土地利用变化影响的，然后将该模型推广到其他MABES。该模型包括影响土地利用的政策、市场力量和相关生物生物学之间的相互作用和反馈。动物介导的授粉有助于生产对人类有价值的商品，如作物；它还促进野生植物的繁殖，而其他服务或服务提供生物则依赖于这些野生植物。大约三分之一的作物产量依赖于动物传粉者，而60%-90%的植物物种需要动物传粉者。移动生物对跨空间尺度运作的生态因素的敏感性，使得给定的移动生物群落提供的服务具有高度的情境性。服务会因地点周围资源的时空分布，以及当地发生的生物相互作用而有所不同，例如传粉者之间对资源的竞争，以及植物之间对传粉者的竞争。由此产生的商品或服务的价值可能会通过市场力量反馈回来，影响土地利用政策，而土地利用政策反过来又会影响土地管理实践，进而改变当地的栖息地条件和景观结构。为MABES开发概念模型有助于识别知识空白、确定研究重点，以及确定可应用于适应性管理背景的干预措施。
