Kim Jinman, Cai Weidong, Eberl Stefan, Feng Dagan
Biomedical and Multimedia Information Technology Group, School of Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2007 Mar;11(2):161-9. doi: 10.1109/titb.2006.875669.
Three-dimensional (3-D) visualization has become an essential part for imaging applications, including image-guided surgery, radiotherapy planning, and computer-aided diagnosis. In the visualization of dual-modality positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT), 3-D volume rendering is often limited to rendering of a single image volume and by high computational demand. Furthermore, incorporation of segmentation in volume rendering is usually restricted to visualizing the presegmented volumes of interest. In this paper, we investigated the integration of interactive segmentation into real-time volume rendering of dual-modality PET/CT images. We present and validate a fuzzy thresholding segmentation technique based on fuzzy cluster analysis, which allows interactive and real-time optimization of the segmentation results. This technique is then incorporated into a real-time multi-volume rendering of PET/CT images. Our method allows a real-time fusion and interchangeability of segmentation volume with PET or CT volumes, as well as the usual fusion of PET/CT volumes. Volume manipulations such as window level adjustments and lookup table can be applied to individual volumes, which are then fused together in real time as adjustments are made. We demonstrate the benefit of our method in integrating segmentation with volume rendering in its application to PET/CT images. Responsive frame rates are achieved by utilizing a texture-based volume rendering algorithm and the rapid transfer capability of the high-memory bandwidth available in low-cost graphic hardware.
三维（3-D）可视化已成为成像应用的重要组成部分，包括图像引导手术、放射治疗计划和计算机辅助诊断。在双模态正电子发射断层扫描和计算机断层扫描（PET/CT）的可视化中，三维体绘制通常限于单个图像体的绘制，并且计算需求很高。此外，在体绘制中纳入分割通常限于可视化预先分割的感兴趣体积。在本文中，我们研究了将交互式分割集成到双模态PET/CT图像的实时体绘制中。我们提出并验证了一种基于模糊聚类分析的模糊阈值分割技术，该技术允许对分割结果进行交互式和实时优化。然后将该技术纳入PET/CT图像的实时多体绘制中。我们的方法允许分割体积与PET或CT体积进行实时融合和互换，以及PET/CT体积的常规融合。诸如窗宽调整和查找表之类的体积操作可以应用于各个体积，然后在进行调整时实时融合在一起。我们展示了我们的方法在将分割与体绘制集成应用于PET/CT图像中的优势。通过使用基于纹理的体绘制算法和低成本图形硬件中可用的高内存带宽的快速传输能力，实现了响应式帧率。
