Yunker C E
Med Biol. 1975 Oct;53(5):302-11.
About 18 tickborne viruses associated with seabirds are known from Canada, Mexico, the Antilles, and the United States, including its oceanic islands. Antigenic groups to which these viruses belong are Hughes, B, Sakhalin, Uukuniemi, Kemerovo, Nyamani and Quaranfil. Members of the last two groups are known in the Western Hemisphere only from Central Pacific Islands and may reflect intrusion of elements of the Australian Region. In the areas under discussion, antibody surveys have been minimal, but there is some indication of human exposure to agents of the Kemerovo group. Members of the Hughes, Nyamanini, and Quaranfil groups are all argasid tick viruses, largely tropical or subtropical in distribution, and associated particularly with gulls and terns (Laridae). The remainder, with the exception of Mono Lake (Kemerovo group, Chenuda Subgroup), which may be a virus of inland birds, are ixodid tick viruses associated mostly with seabirds of the polar or subpolar regions. All of these viruses are seen as acted upon by a common pattern of geographic and biotic factors that influences antigenic diversity of the virus and favors development of strong insular variants.
在加拿大、墨西哥、安的列斯群岛以及美国（包括其海洋岛屿），已知约有18种与海鸟相关的蜱传病毒。这些病毒所属的抗原群有休斯、B、萨哈林、乌昆耶米、克麦罗沃、尼亚马尼和夸兰菲尔。后两组的成员在西半球仅在中太平洋岛屿被发现，这可能反映了澳大利亚地区元素的侵入。在上述讨论的地区，抗体调查很少，但有迹象表明人类接触过克麦罗沃组的病原体。休斯、尼亚马尼尼和夸兰菲尔组的成员均为软蜱病毒，主要分布在热带或亚热带地区，尤其与鸥和燕鸥（鸥科）有关。其余的病毒，除了可能是内陆鸟类病毒的莫诺湖病毒（克麦罗沃组，切努达亚组）外，都是硬蜱病毒，大多与极地或亚极地地区的海鸟有关。所有这些病毒似乎都受到一种共同的地理和生物因素模式的影响，这种模式影响病毒的抗原多样性，并有利于强岛屿变种的发展。
