If-then planning modulates the P300 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have difficulties with tasks that require response inhibition. We measured electroencephalographic data of nonmedicated children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control children in two conditions: (a) a neutral condition without a self-regulation strategy and (b) a condition that involved the making of if-then plans (i.e. 'If situation X is encountered, then I will perform the goal-directed behavior Y'). If-then plans improved response inhibition and increased the P300 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared with the neutral condition. The present results encourage the application of self-regulation using if-then plans in addition or as an alternative to common medical therapy.