La Barbera-Sánchez Amelia, Franco Soler Jose, Rojas de Astudillo Luisa, Chang-Yen Ivan
Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de Sucre/Nva. Esparta, INIA, MCT. Av. Carupano, sector Caiguire, Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela.
Rev Biol Trop. 2004 Sep;52 Suppl 1:89-98.
A severe outbreak of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) occurred in Manzanillo and Guayacán, northwestern coast of Margarita Island, Venezuela, between August and October 1991. A bloom of dinoflagellates including Prorocentrum gracile, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium tamarense seemed to be responsible for this outbreak. Levels of PSP toxins in mussels (Perna perna) exceeded the international safety limit of saxitoxin, 80 microg STX/100 microg meat. PSP toxin values varied between 2548 and 115 microg STX/100 g meat in Manzanillo, and between 1422 and 86 microg STX/100 g meat in Guayacán. At both locations, the highest levels were detected in August, when 24 patients exhibited typical symptoms of PSP toxicity after consuming cooked mussels (16 required hospitalization). A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was recently used on the 1991 samples. The major toxin detected in samples of both locations was decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), but low concentrations of saxitoxin were also found in Manzanillo samples. Gonyautoxins GTX1, GTX2 and GTX3 were detected only at Guayacán, while in both locations, decarbamoylgonyatouxin (dcGTX2,3) toxins were detected. These findings represent the first time that causative toxins of PSP in Venezuela have been chemically identified, and confirm the presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in mussels from the Caribbean Sea. The presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in shellfish is indicative that Gymnodinium catenatum was a causative organism for outbreak of PSP.
1991年8月至10月间，委内瑞拉玛格丽塔岛西北海岸的曼萨尼约和瓜亚坎发生了严重的麻痹性贝类中毒（PSP）疫情。包括纤细原甲藻、链状裸甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻在内的甲藻大量繁殖似乎是此次疫情的起因。贻贝（Perna perna）中的PSP毒素水平超过了国际安全标准——石房蛤毒素80微克STX/100微克肉。曼萨尼约的PSP毒素值在2548至115微克STX/100克肉之间，瓜亚坎的则在1422至86微克STX/100克肉之间。在这两个地点，8月检测到的毒素水平最高，当时有24名患者在食用煮熟的贻贝后出现了PSP中毒的典型症状（16人需要住院治疗）。最近对1991年的样本采用了高压液相色谱（HPLC）方法。在两个地点的样本中检测到的主要毒素是脱氨甲酰基石房蛤毒素（dcSTX），但在曼萨尼约的样本中也发现了低浓度的石房蛤毒素。仅在瓜亚坎检测到了膝沟藻毒素GTX1、GTX2和GTX3，而在两个地点都检测到了脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素（dcGTX2,3）。这些发现首次在化学上鉴定了委内瑞拉PSP的致病毒素，并证实了加勒比海贻贝中存在dcSTX和dcGTX。贝类中存在dcSTX和dcGTX表明链状裸甲藻是PSP疫情的致病生物。
