Ohno Koichi, Yanase Tatsuya, Matsuo Yuki, Kimura Tetsuro, Rahman M Hamidur, Magara Yasumoto, Matsui Yoshihiko
Department of Socio-Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
Sci Total Environ. 2007 Aug 1;381(1-3):68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.019. Epub 2007 May 3.
More and more people in Bangladesh have recently become aware of the risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater, and have been trying to obtain drinking water from less arsenic-contaminated sources. In this study, arsenic intakes of 18 families living in one block of a rural village in an arsenic-affected district of Bangladesh were evaluated to investigate their actual arsenic intake via food, including from cooking water, and to estimate the contribution of each food category and of drinking water to the total arsenic intake. Water consumption rates were estimated by the self-reporting method. The mean drinking water intake was estimated as about 3 L/d without gender difference. Arsenic intakes from food were evaluated by the duplicate portion sampling method. The duplicated foods from each family were divided into four categories (cooked rice, solid food, cereals for breakfast, and liquid food), and the arsenic concentrations of each food category and of the drinking water were measured. The mean arsenic intake from water and food by all 18 respondents was 0.15 +/-0.11 mg/d (range, 0.043 - 0.49), that by male subjects was 0.18 +/- 0.13 mg/d (n = 12) and that by female subjects was 0.096 +/- 0.007 mg/d (n = 6). The average contributions to the total arsenic intake were, from drinking water, 13%; liquid food, 4.4%; cooked rice, 56%; solid food, 11%; and cereals, 16%. Arsenic intake via drinking water was not high despite the highly contaminated groundwater in the survey area because many families had changed their drinking water sources to less-contaminated ones. Instead, cooked rice contributed most to the daily arsenic intake. Use of contaminated water for cooking by several families was suspected based on comparisons of arsenic concentrations between drinking water and liquid food, and between rice before and after cooking. Detailed investigation suggested that six households used contaminated water for cooking but not drinking, leading to an increase of arsenic intake via arsenic-contaminated cooking water.
最近，越来越多的孟加拉国人意识到饮用受砷污染的地下水的风险，并一直在尝试从不太受砷污染的水源获取饮用水。在本研究中，对居住在孟加拉国一个受砷影响地区的一个乡村街区的18户家庭的砷摄入量进行了评估，以调查他们通过食物（包括烹饪用水）实际摄入的砷，并估算各类食物和饮用水对总砷摄入量的贡献。用水率通过自我报告法估算。平均饮用水摄入量估计约为3升/天，无性别差异。通过双份食物采样法评估食物中的砷摄入量。每个家庭的双份食物分为四类（煮熟的米饭、固体食物、早餐谷物和液体食物），并测量各类食物和饮用水中的砷浓度。所有18名受访者通过水和食物摄入的平均砷量为0.15±0.11毫克/天（范围为0.043 - 0.49），男性受试者为0.18±0.13毫克/天（n = 12），女性受试者为0.096±0.007毫克/天（n = 6）。对总砷摄入量的平均贡献分别为：饮用水13%；液体食物4.4%；煮熟的米饭56%；固体食物11%；谷物16%。尽管调查区域的地下水污染严重，但通过饮用水摄入的砷并不高，因为许多家庭已将饮用水源换成了污染较轻的水源。相反，煮熟的米饭对每日砷摄入量的贡献最大。根据饮用水与液体食物之间以及煮饭前后大米之间的砷浓度比较，怀疑有几个家庭使用受污染的水做饭。详细调查表明，有六户家庭用受污染的水做饭但不饮用，导致通过受砷污染的烹饪用水摄入的砷增加。
