Elaad E, Ben-Shakhar G
Division of Criminal Identification Israel National Police Headquarters, Jerusalem.
Int J Psychophysiol. 1991 Aug;11(2):99-108. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(91)90001-e.
This study focused on the effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological detection in a guilty knowledge paradigm. Two experiments which utilized a 3 x 2 between subjects factorial design were conducted. Two types of mental countermeasures (specific dissociations from the relevant stimulus and continuous dissociation throughout the entire test, as well as a control-no countermeasure condition were used). Each group was further subdivided into two conditions--a high attention condition created by motivational instructions and a deceptive verbal response to the relevant question; and a low attention condition in which no motivational instructions were provided and no verbal response was required. The results of both experiments (one was conducted in a field set up, and the other utilized more standard experimental equipment and measurement procedures) revealed the following pattern: the item-specific countermeasures tended to increase psychophysiological detection, whereas the continuous dissociations tended to decrease detection efficiencies. The pattern was consistent across attention conditions and experiments but it was stronger in the field experiment where overall detection efficiency was relatively high. In other respects the present results replicated previous findings and revealed a significant effect for the attention factor.
本研究聚焦于心理应对措施对有罪知识范式中心理生理检测的影响。进行了两项实验，采用了被试间3×2析因设计。使用了两种类型的心理应对措施（与相关刺激的特定解离以及在整个测试过程中的持续解离，还有一个无应对措施的对照条件）。每组进一步细分为两种条件——一种是通过动机性指导和对相关问题的欺骗性言语反应营造的高注意力条件；另一种是未提供动机性指导且无需言语反应的低注意力条件。两项实验的结果（一项在实地环境中进行，另一项使用了更标准的实验设备和测量程序）呈现出以下模式：特定项目的应对措施往往会增加心理生理检测，而持续解离往往会降低检测效率。这种模式在不同注意力条件和实验中是一致的，但在整体检测效率相对较高的实地实验中更为明显。在其他方面，本研究结果重复了先前的发现，并揭示了注意力因素的显著影响。
