Miller Steven L, Larsson Ellen, Larsson Karl-Henrik, Verbeken Annemieke, Nuytinck Jorinde
Botany Department, University of Wyoming, USA.
Mycologia. 2006 Nov-Dec;98(6):960-70. doi: 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.960.
The Russulales is one of 12 major lineages recently elucidated by molecular sequence data in the homobasidiomycetes. The order is morphologically most diverse, containing a remarkable variety of sporophore forms including resupinate, discoid, effused-reflexed, clavarioid, pileate, or gasteroid and hymenophore configurations from smooth, poroid, hydnoid, lamellate, to labyrinthoid. Functionally these fungi are primarily saprotrophs but others are ectomycorrhizal, root parasites and insect symbionts. A phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear 5.8S, ITS2 and large-subunit rDNA genes comprises the best information to date on relationships of taxa within the Russulales. Two large sister groups encompassing 11-13 major clades have been recovered within the Russulales. Based on molecular and morphological data 12 families and approximately 80 genera have been identified, although placement of many taxa has not yet been determined. The two clades containing ectomycorrhizal taxa, corresponding to the Russulaceae and the Albatrellaceae, represent the greatest diversity of sporophore morphologies. The primarily pileate lamellate family Russulaceae is nested with resupinate species and also contains pileate sequestrate, gasteroid annulate and pleurotoid forms. Albatrellaceae similarly contains resupinate poroid, pileate poroid and pileate labyrinthoid sporophores. Presence of gloeoplerous hyphae containing fluid that typically stains black in sulfoaldehyde compounds is a synapomorphy for the Russulales. Amyloid reactions in spore or hyphal walls that occur frequently throughout the Russulales often are perceived as an obvious synapomorphy but are inconsistent. Approaches including sequencing functional genes, analysis of gene expression and biochemical analysis across the entire order are needed.
红菇目是同担子菌纲中最近通过分子序列数据阐明的12个主要谱系之一。该目在形态上最为多样，包含了各种各样的子实体形态，包括平伏的、盘状的、平展反卷的、棒状的、菌盖状的或腹菌类的，以及从平滑的、孔状的、齿状的、片状的到迷宫状的菌褶结构。在功能上，这些真菌主要是腐生菌，但也有一些是外生菌根菌、根寄生虫和昆虫共生体。对核5.8S、ITS2和大亚基rDNA基因的系统发育分析提供了迄今为止关于红菇目内分类群关系的最佳信息。在红菇目内已发现两个大的姐妹群，包含11 - 13个主要分支。基于分子和形态数据，已确定了12个科和大约80个属，尽管许多分类群的位置尚未确定。包含外生菌根分类群的两个分支，分别对应红菇科和白牛肝菌科，代表了子实体形态的最大多样性。主要为菌盖状片状的红菇科嵌套着平伏的物种，还包含菌盖状埋生的、腹菌类具环的和侧耳状的形态。白牛肝菌科同样包含平伏孔状的、菌盖状孔状的和菌盖状迷宫状的子实体。含有通常在亚硫酸醛化合物中染成黑色的液体的粘质菌丝的存在是红菇目的一个共衍征。在整个红菇目中经常出现的孢子或菌丝壁上的淀粉质反应通常被视为一个明显的共衍征，但并不一致。需要采用包括功能基因测序、基因表达分析和对整个目进行生化分析等方法。
