Jager Tjalling, Posthuma Leo, de Zwart Dick, van de Meent Dik
National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Ecological Risk Assessment, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007 Jul;67(3):311-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.003. Epub 2007 May 9.
Chemical risk assessment usually applies empirical methods to predict toxicant effects on different species. We propose a more mechanism-oriented approach, and introduce a method to decompose toxicity data in a contribution from the chemical (potency) and from the exposed species (vulnerability). We use a database for acute aquatic toxicity, and focus on some well-defined chemical classes. Potency is strongly related to hydrophobicity and vulnerability differences between species are small for narcotic compounds. Potencies show less relation with hydrophobicity and interspecies differences are larger for organophosphate- and carbamate insecticides. Photosynthesis inhibitors generally act narcotic to animals, but were more potent for algae. Using these potencies and vulnerabilities, acute toxicity values were well predicted by the proposed approach (within a factor of 3-6). The proposed approach has potential for predicting toxicity for untested species-compound combinations; however, there is a need for a better definition of 'mode of action' in ecotoxicology.
化学风险评估通常采用经验方法来预测有毒物质对不同物种的影响。我们提出了一种更注重机制的方法，并介绍了一种将毒性数据分解为化学因素（毒性）和受暴露物种因素（易感性）贡献的方法。我们使用了一个急性水生毒性数据库，并聚焦于一些定义明确的化学类别。对于麻醉性化合物，毒性与疏水性密切相关，物种间的易感性差异较小。对于有机磷酸酯类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂，毒性与疏水性的关系较小，种间差异较大。光合作用抑制剂通常对动物具有麻醉作用，但对藻类的毒性更强。利用这些毒性和易感性，所提出的方法能很好地预测急性毒性值（在3至6倍的范围内）。所提出的方法具有预测未测试物种 - 化合物组合毒性的潜力；然而，在生态毒理学中需要对“作用模式”进行更好的定义。
