Giummarra Melita J, Gibson Stephen J, Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie, Bradshaw John L
Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Brain Res Rev. 2007 Apr;54(1):219-32. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.009.
Phantom limbs provide valuable insight into the mechanisms underlying bodily awareness and ownership. This paper reviews the complexity of phantom limb phenomena (proprioception, form, position, posture and telescoping), and the various contributions of internal constructs of the body, or body schema, and neuromatrix theory in explaining these phenomena. Specific systems and processes that have received little attention in phantom limb research are also reviewed and highlighted as important future directions, These include prosthesis embodiment and extended physiological proprioception (i.e., the extension of the body's "area of influence" that thereby extends one's innate sense of proprioception, mirror neurons and cross-referencing of the phantom limb with the intact limb (and the related phenomena of perceiving referred sensations and mirrored movements in the phantom form the intact limb). The likely involvements of the body schema and the body-self neuromatrix, mirror neurons, and cross-callosal and ipsilateral mechanisms in phantom limb phenomena all suggest that the perception of a "normal" phantom limb (that is, a non-painful phantom that has the sensory qualities of an intact limb) is more than likely an epiphenomenon of normal functioning, action understanding and empathy, and potentially may even be evolutionarily adaptive and perhaps necessary. Phantom pain, however, may be a maladaptive failure of the neuromatrix to maintain global bodily constructs.
幻肢为洞察身体感知和归属背后的机制提供了宝贵的见解。本文回顾了幻肢现象的复杂性（本体感觉、形状、位置、姿势和伸缩），以及身体内部结构或身体图式和神经矩阵理论在解释这些现象方面的各种贡献。在幻肢研究中很少受到关注的特定系统和过程也被回顾，并被强调为重要的未来方向，这些包括假肢体现和扩展的生理本体感觉（即身体“影响区域”的扩展，从而扩展了个体天生的本体感觉）、镜像神经元以及幻肢与完整肢体的交叉参照（以及在幻肢中感知来自完整肢体的牵涉性感觉和镜像运动的相关现象）。身体图式和身体自我神经矩阵、镜像神经元以及胼胝体交叉和同侧机制在幻肢现象中的可能参与都表明，对“正常”幻肢的感知（即没有疼痛且具有完整肢体感觉特性的幻肢）很可能是正常功能、动作理解和共情的一种附带现象，甚至可能在进化上具有适应性且或许是必要的。然而，幻肢痛可能是神经矩阵维持整体身体结构的一种适应不良的失败表现。
