Koskela Heikki Olavi
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007 Apr;66(2):91-100. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v66i2.18237.
To describe the mechanisms and management of cold air-provoked respiratory symptoms.
A literature review.
The review includes human epidemiological studies, human and animal experimental studies, as well as human studies about management of the cold air-provoked respiratory symptoms.
Cold air is unlikely to be a causal factor initiating respiratory diseases but a symptom trigger. In the present review, the airway responses beyond these symptoms were divided into three types. The short-term responses are those that develop within minutes in response to sudden cooling of the airways. Subjects with asthma or rhinitis are especially prone to these responses. The long-term responses are those that develop in response to repeated and long-standing cooling and drying of the airways, usually in endurance athletes. Finally, there are the physiological, reflex-mediated lower-airway responses to cooling of the skin or upper airways.
The mechanisms beyond cold air-provoked respiratory symptoms vary considerably and mainly depend on the individual's susceptibility and the ventilation level during the cold exposure. An understanding of these mechanisms is essential for successful management of the symptoms.
描述冷空气诱发呼吸道症状的机制及处理方法。
文献综述。
该综述包括人类流行病学研究、人类和动物实验研究，以及关于冷空气诱发呼吸道症状处理方法的人类研究。
冷空气不太可能是引发呼吸道疾病的病因，而是症状触发因素。在本综述中，这些症状之外的气道反应分为三种类型。短期反应是指气道突然冷却后数分钟内出现的反应。哮喘或鼻炎患者尤其容易出现这些反应。长期反应是指气道反复长期冷却和干燥后出现的反应，通常见于耐力运动员。最后，还有皮肤或上呼吸道冷却后生理反射介导的下呼吸道反应。
冷空气诱发呼吸道症状的机制差异很大，主要取决于个体易感性和寒冷暴露期间的通气水平。了解这些机制对于成功处理症状至关重要。
