Dead or alive: gene expression profiles of advanced atherosclerotic plaques from autopsy and surgery.

Since inclusion of atherosclerotic tissues from different sources is often indispensable to study the full atherogenic spectrum, we investigated to what extent the expression profiles of advanced, stable atherosclerotic lesions obtained during autopsy and surgery are comparable. The gene expression profiles of human carotids with advanced atherosclerosis obtained at autopsy and at vascular surgery were studied by microarray analysis. Expression analysis was performed both at the single gene (Rosetta, Gene Ontology) and at the pathway level using Ingenuity and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. In addition, mRNA and protein expression levels were validated using quantitative (q) RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry on unrelated advanced carotid lesions from autopsy and surgery. Microarray analysis indicated that the 97.2% of genes showed similar expression levels in advanced atherosclerotic lesions from autopsy and surgery. While the expression data revealed no differences in common atherosclerotic related pathways such as lipid metabolism and inflammation, the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in basal cell metabolism and hypoxia driven pathways. qRT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of hypoxia-driven genes VEGF-A (2.3-fold upward arrow), glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 (2.5-fold upward arrow), GLUT3 (8.3-fold upward arrow), and hexokinase 1 (2.4-fold upward arrow) in autopsy vs. surgical specimens. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the transcriptional differences in these hypoxia-related genes were not reflected at the protein level. The gene expression profiles of advanced atherosclerotic lesions from autopsy and surgery are largely similar. However, >500 genes, mostly involved in basal cell metabolism and hypoxia were differentially expressed at mRNA, but not at the protein level.