Felber François, Kozlowski Gregor, Arrigo Nils, Guadagnuolo Roberto
Laboratoire de Botanique évolutive, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;107:173-205. doi: 10.1007/10_2007_050.
Gene flow from crops to wild relatives by sexual reproduction is one of the major issues in risk assessment for the cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) plants. The main factors which influence hybridization and introgression, the two processes of gene flow, as well as the accompanying containment measures of the transgene, are reviewed. The comparison of risks between Switzerland and Europe highlights the importance of regional studies. Differences were assessed for barley, beet and wheat. Moreover, transgene flow through several wild species acting as bridge (bridge species) has been up to now poorly investigated. Indeed, transgene flow may go beyond the closest wild relative, as in nature several wild species complexes hybridize. Its importance is assessed by several examples in Poaceae. Finally, the transgene itself has genetic and ecological consequences that are reviewed. Transgenic hybrids between crops and wild relatives may have lower fitness than the wild relatives, but in several cases, no cost was detected. On the other hand, the transgene provides advantages to the hybrids, in the case of selective value as a Bt transgene in the presence of herbivores. Genetic and ecological consequences of a transgene in a wild species are complex and depend on the type of transgene, its insertion site, the density of plants and ecological factors. More studies are needed for understanding the short and long term consequences of escape of a transgene in the wild.
通过有性繁殖，基因从作物流向野生近缘种是转基因植物种植风险评估中的主要问题之一。本文综述了影响基因流的两个过程——杂交和渐渗的主要因素，以及转基因相应的控制措施。瑞士和欧洲之间风险的比较突出了区域研究的重要性。对大麦、甜菜和小麦的差异进行了评估。此外，到目前为止，对通过几种作为桥梁的野生物种（桥梁物种）的转基因流动研究甚少。事实上，转基因流动可能超出最近的野生近缘种，因为在自然界中，几种野生物种复合体可以杂交。禾本科的几个例子评估了其重要性。最后，综述了转基因本身的遗传和生态后果。作物与野生近缘种之间的转基因杂种可能比野生近缘种适应性低，但在某些情况下，未检测到代价。另一方面，在存在食草动物时，作为Bt转基因具有选择价值的情况下，转基因为杂种提供了优势。野生物种中转基因的遗传和生态后果很复杂，取决于转基因的类型、其插入位点、植物密度和生态因素。需要更多的研究来了解转基因在野外扩散的短期和长期后果。
