Environ Health Perspect. 1978 Jun;24:45-50. doi: 10.1289/ehp.782445.
(1) an indifferent or ambisexual stage, in which both the male (Wolffian) and female (Mullerian) duct systems are present; (2) sexual differentiation, in which the phenotypic sex is expressed by the enhancement of Mullerian structures in the female and Wolffian structures in the male and reciprocal suppression of the opposite duct system; (3) cytodifferentiation, in which the epithelial, stromal and muscular features are regionally established; and (4) actual response to endogenous hormones, especially in mammals, such as the human and guinea pig, in which the differentiated tissues respond according to their capability. Specifically in the male, the onset of sexual differentiation is signaled by the elaboration of an androgenlike material (possibly testosterone) and a Mullerian-inhibiting factor from the testis. In the absence of these two influences, or one of them, the reproductive tract remains essentially female in configuration, a normal situation in the female and in abnormal males in which the urogenital sinus and Wolffian structures are incapable of hormonal responses due to the lack of specific enzymes or receptors. Male differentiation in particular involves enlargement of the penis and its canalization by the urethra, scrotal development and descent of the testis, and the formation of accessory glandular structures from the urogenital sinus or Wolffian ducts (bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, ampulla, prostate). Remnants of the Mullerian system may persist at the upper pole of the testis and are normally present (uterus masculinus) in relation to the prostatic part of the urethra.The emergence of the characteristic parts of the male reproductive system in higher mammals in relation to phylogeny and the detailed origin of these in individual ontogeny are described. The use of the guinea pig as a model animal system for the study of transplacental effects of hormones (diethylstilbestrol, estradiol) and teratogens is briefly discussed.
（1）中性或两性阶段，此时雄性（沃尔夫氏）和雌性（缪勒氏）导管系统都存在；（2）性分化，其中表型性别通过增强雌性的缪勒氏结构和雄性的沃尔夫氏结构以及对相反导管系统的相互抑制来表达；（3）细胞分化，其中上皮、基质和肌肉特征在区域上建立；（4）对内源性激素的实际反应，特别是在哺乳动物中，如人和豚鼠，其中分化的组织根据其能力作出反应。具体来说，在雄性中，性分化的开始是由睾丸产生的雄激素样物质（可能是睾酮）和缪勒氏抑制因子的产生来标志的。如果没有这两种影响，或者其中一种缺乏，生殖道的结构基本上保持女性化，这在女性中是正常的，在异常的男性中也是如此，由于缺乏特定的酶或受体，泌尿生殖窦和沃尔夫氏结构无法对激素作出反应。男性分化特别涉及阴茎的增大及其通过尿道的管道化、阴囊的发育和睾丸的下降，以及从泌尿生殖窦或沃尔夫氏管形成附属腺结构（球海绵体肌、精囊、壶腹、前列腺）。缪勒氏系统的残余物可能在睾丸的上极保留，并且通常存在（雄性子宫）与尿道的前列腺部分有关。本文描述了高等哺乳动物中雄性生殖系统的特征部分在系统发生和个体发生中的详细起源。简要讨论了豚鼠作为研究激素（己烯雌酚、雌二醇）和致畸剂的胎盘效应的模型动物系统的用途。
