Viken Richard J, Kaprio Jaakko, Rose Richard J
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Feb;10(1):25-32. doi: 10.1375/twin.10.1.25.
We enrolled more than 3500 same-sex twinsfrom 5 consecutive Finnish birth cohorts into a longitudinal study as each cohort reached age 16. Twins completed the Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory at baseline, Sensation Seeking Scale items as each cohort reached age 17, and later, at average ages 18.5 and 25, the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). Using raw maximum likelihood estimation, we fit a Cholesky model to the 4 variables assessed at 4 ages across the 4 twin types; we estimated genetic and environmental influences on the stability of alcohol problems across development and the genetic and environmental contributions to predictive correlations between adolescent personality and later alcohol-related behavior problems. With one exception, the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were very similar for males and females. The exception was that the lagged associations of Pd and RAPI reflect a higher genetic correlation among males than females and a higher environmental correlation among females than males. Our analyses suggest that developmental changes underlying variation in alcohol problems from late adolescence to early adulthood differ for males and females. In males, the main change is decreased variation due to shared environmental effects; the magnitude of genetic effects is stable over time, and the high genetic correlation, .95, suggests that the same genetic influences are important at both ages. Among females, in contrast, genetic influences decline in magnitude from age 18 to 25, and at least part of the genetic effect evident at age 25 differs from the genetic effect evident at age 18.
我们将来自芬兰连续5个出生队列的3500多对同性双胞胎纳入一项纵向研究，每个队列年满16岁时开始参与。双胞胎在基线时完成明尼苏达多相人格调查表的精神病态偏差（Pd）量表，每个队列年满17岁时完成感觉寻求量表项目，随后在平均年龄18.5岁和25岁时完成罗格斯酒精问题指数（RAPI）。我们使用原始最大似然估计法，对4种双胞胎类型在4个年龄评估的4个变量拟合了一个Cholesky模型；我们估计了遗传和环境对整个发育过程中酒精问题稳定性的影响，以及遗传和环境对青少年人格与后期酒精相关行为问题之间预测相关性的贡献。除了一个例外，男性和女性的表型、遗传和环境相关性非常相似。例外情况是，Pd和RAPI的滞后关联反映出男性之间的遗传相关性高于女性，而女性之间的环境相关性高于男性。我们的分析表明，从青春期后期到成年早期，男性和女性酒精问题变化背后的发育变化有所不同。在男性中，主要变化是由于共同环境效应导致的变异性降低；遗传效应的大小随时间稳定，高遗传相关性（0.95）表明相同的遗传影响在两个年龄都很重要。相比之下，在女性中，遗传影响从18岁到25岁在大小上有所下降，并且25岁时明显的遗传效应至少部分不同于18岁时明显的遗传效应。
