Aranda E, García-Romera I, Ocampo J A, Carbone V, Mari A, Malorni A, Sannino F, De Martino A, Capasso R
Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbioticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2007 Sep;69(2):229-39. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.026. Epub 2007 Jun 4.
Dry olive mill residue (DOR) from the olive oil production by two phase centrifugation system was fractionated by a consecutive continuous solid-liquid extraction obtaining the EAF, PF, MF and WF fractions with ethyl acetate, n-propanol, methanol and water, respectively. The chemical, chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses showed EAF, PF and MF to be mainly composed of simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids and glycosilated phenols (glycosides of phenols, secoiridoids and flavonoids), whereas WF was mainly consisting of polymerin, the metal organic polymeric mixture previously identified in olive oil mill waste waters and composed of carbohydrates, melanin, proteins and metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Fe). The identification in DOR of oleoside, 6'-beta-glucopyranosyl-oleoside and 6'-beta-rhamnopyranosyl-oleoside, and of its organic polymeric component, known as polymerin, are reported for the first time in this paper. The inoculation of the previously mentioned fractions with saprobe fungi Coriolopsis rigida, Pycnoporus cynnabarinus or Trametes versicolor indicated these fungi to be able to metabolize both the phenols and glycosilated phenols, but not polymerin. In correspondence, EAF, PF, MF and WF, which proved to be toxic on Lepidium sativum, decreased their toxicity after incubation with the selected fungi, WF showing to be also able to stimulate the growth of the selected seeds. The phytotoxicity appeared mainly correlated to the monomeric phenols and, to a lesser extent, to the glycosilated phenols, whereas polymerin proved to be non toxic. However, the laccase activity was not associated with the decrease of phytotoxicity. The valorization of DOR as a producer of high added value substances of industrial and agricultural interest in native form and after their bioremediation for a final objective of the total DOR recycling is also discussed.
通过两相离心系统生产橄榄油产生的干橄榄渣（DOR），通过连续的连续固液萃取进行分馏，分别用乙酸乙酯、正丙醇、甲醇和水获得EAF、PF、MF和WF馏分。化学、色谱和质谱分析表明，EAF、PF和MF主要由简单酚类、酚酸、黄酮类化合物和糖基化酚类（酚类、裂环烯醚萜类和黄酮类化合物的糖苷）组成，而WF主要由聚合素组成，聚合素是先前在橄榄油厂废水中鉴定出的金属有机聚合物混合物，由碳水化合物、黑色素、蛋白质和金属（钾、钠、钙、镁和铁）组成。本文首次报道了在DOR中鉴定出橄榄苦苷、6'-β-吡喃葡萄糖基橄榄苦苷和6'-β-吡喃鼠李糖基橄榄苦苷及其有机聚合物成分聚合素。用腐生真菌硬毛革盖菌、朱红密孔菌或云芝对上述馏分进行接种，结果表明这些真菌能够代谢酚类和糖基化酚类，但不能代谢聚合素。相应地，对独行菜有毒的EAF、PF、MF和WF在与选定真菌孵育后毒性降低，WF还显示能够刺激选定种子的生长。植物毒性似乎主要与单体酚类有关，在较小程度上与糖基化酚类有关，而聚合素被证明无毒。然而，漆酶活性与植物毒性的降低无关。还讨论了将DOR作为具有工农业价值的高附加值物质的生产者进行增值利用的问题，这些物质以天然形式存在，并在生物修复后实现DOR的完全回收这一最终目标。
