Sonnante Gabriella, Pignone Domenico, Hammer Karl
CNR - Institute of Plant Genetics, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
Ann Bot. 2007 Nov;100(5):1095-100. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm127. Epub 2007 Jul 4.
The history of domestication of artichoke and leafy cardoon is not yet fully understood and when and where it occurred remains unknown. Evidence supports the hypothesis that wild cardoon is the wild progenitor of both these crops. Selection for large, non-spiny heads resulted in artichoke and selection for non-spiny, large stalked tender leaves resulted in leafy cardoon. The two crops differ in their reproductive system: artichoke is mostly vegetatively propagated and perennial, while leafy cardoon is seed propagated and mostly grown as an annual plant. Here, new trends in artichoke cultivation are analysed, while the consequences of these tendencies on the conservation of artichoke genetic resources are highlighted.
The historical and artistic records, together with recent literature on genetics and biosystematics, are examined with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the present-day knowledge on the domestication of these two crops.
Historical, linguistic and artistic records are consistent with genetic and biosystematic data and indicate that the domestication of artichoke and cardoon diverged at different times and in different places. Apparently, artichoke was domesticated in Roman times, possibly in Sicily, and spread by the Arabs during early Middle Ages. The cardoon was probably domesticated in the western Mediterranean in a later period.
洋蓟和叶用刺菜蓟的驯化历史尚未完全明晰，其驯化的时间和地点依然未知。有证据支持野生刺菜蓟是这两种作物野生祖先的假说。对大的、无刺的头状花序进行选择产生了洋蓟，而对无刺、大茎的嫩叶进行选择则产生了叶用刺菜蓟。这两种作物在繁殖系统上存在差异：洋蓟大多通过营养繁殖，是多年生植物，而叶用刺菜蓟通过种子繁殖，大多作为一年生植物种植。在此，分析了洋蓟种植的新趋势，同时强调了这些趋势对洋蓟遗传资源保护的影响。
研究历史和艺术记录以及近期关于遗传学和生物系统学的文献，旨在更好地理解目前关于这两种作物驯化的知识。
历史、语言和艺术记录与遗传和生物系统学数据一致，表明洋蓟和刺菜蓟的驯化在不同时间和不同地点出现分歧。显然，洋蓟在罗马时代被驯化，可能是在西西里岛，并在中世纪早期由阿拉伯人传播开来。刺菜蓟可能在更晚的时期在地中海西部被驯化。
